3fibrarp,

N THE CUSTODY Or TME

BOSTON PUBLIC LIBRARY.

SHELF N°

AOAMS

THE

AMERICAN M U S E U 1^.1

O R

REPOSITORY

OF ANCIENT AND MODERN

FUGITIVE P I E C E S, &c. PROSE AND POETICAL.

'< Wit/i fcueetejl fears enruh'df

*' From various gardens cull'd luith care.''

*' Collet a revircfiunt."

VOLUME VI.

PHILADELPHIA: INTED BY MATHEW CAREY. M.DCC.LXXXIX.

T O

HIS EXCELLENCY

THE PRESIDENT,

A K C

THE HONOURABLE MEMBERS

OF THE

SENATE AND HOU$E OF REPRESENTATIVES

OF THE UNITED STATES^

WITH SINCERE WISHES,

rOR THE SMILES OF HEAVEN

ON THEIR PATRIOTIC LABOURS

TOPROMOTETI-I?

VIRTUE, PEACE, LIBERTY, AND PROSPERITY

OF THIS RISING EMPIRE;

AND

TO PERPETUATE THOSE BLESSINGS

TO

THE LATEST POSTERITY;

THISVOLUME IS MOST RESPECTFULLY DEDICATED,

BY THEIR HUMBLE SERVANT,

P.hiladelpliia, July z^, 1789.

MATHEW CAREY.

THE friendly and fuccefsful endeavours of feveral gentlemen, dur- ing the profecuiion of the laft volume of thl^ work, to procure it, in the impfior parts of Pennfylvania, and in Maryland and Virginia, asexten- fiv^a circulation, as it had already obtained in other parts of the union, demand the moil fincere acknowledgments from the printer,

CoNsc lous of the imperfeftions of this publication, he folicits a continuation of that indulgence which he has hitherto experienced frora Iii.s candid readers.

The infertion of original produftions having met with general appro- bation, he requcUs the further correfpondence of thofe gentlemen who have already favoured hiin with their writings. To other literary cha- ratlers, one obfervation is rcfpectfuUy oflered — that the general diflu- fion of the American Mufeiim. throughout the united ftates, feems to ponu it out to every man, blelFed by nature with talents to increafe the knowledge or happinels of his countrymen, as a proper vehicle to con- vey his fentimeiits from one extremity of the continent to the other.

By the adv.ce of judicious friends, he propofes occafionally to of- fer premiums for the bell pieces on given fubjefts. As this plan, if properly encouraged by men of letters, can hardly fail to produce fa- Jutary effects, he hopes it will meet with the countenance of his fellow- citizens.

In purfuance of this defign, the following premiums are now offered:

I. For the bell effay on the liberty of the prefs, dating f4ie moft efFeclual means of guarding againfl its licentioufnefs, without impair- ing its freedom — A gold medal.

II. For the bed effay on the proper policy to be purfued by America, with refpett to manufactures — and on the extent to which they may be earned, fo as to avoid, on ihe one hand, the poverty attendant on an inju- rious balance of trade — and, on the other, the vices — ihe iniferv — and the obftruttion of population, arifing from affembling multitudes of work- men together in large cities or towns. — A complete fet of the American Mufeum, neatly bound.

HI. For the beft effay on the influence of luxury upon morals— aiid the moll proper mode, confident with republican freedom, to re- train the po:np and extravagance of ambitious or vain individuals — Paley's moral philofophy — and Locke's effay on the human under- flauJing,

The public may depend upon the candour and impartiality of the gen- tlemen to whole judgment the merits of the refpective pieces are to be fubrpitted.

Communications on the above fuhjcfls, to be forwarded to the primer, free of poll age, on or before the fird day of Ofiober next, without the writers' names annexed thereto ; but to be marked with fuch oilier fignature as they may ihink proper; and to be accompanied wiih a fettled paper, coniainin;; the writers' names and addreffes, and, on the out- fide, lignatures, ttirrefponding with thofe of the pciformances.

SUBSCRIBER S' NAMES*.

His Excellency GEORGE WASHINGTON, efq. prefident of the united dates of America.

Senators of the unitedjlates.

Honourable Richard Baffet, efq. fenator for the Hate of Delaware, Honourable Charles Carrol, efq. fenator for the ftate of Maryland, Honourable Jonathan Elmer, efq. fenator for the flate of New Jerf^^y, Honourable Oliver Elfworih, efj. fenator for the Hate of ConneCiicut, Honourable William Few, 6fq. fenator for the flate of Georgia, Honourable Robert Morris, efq. fenator for the flate of Pcnnfylvania.

Members of the houfe of repr(fcntatiz)cs of the united Jlat<s. Honourable Egbert Benfon, efq. member for the flate of New York, Honourable Theodoric Bland, efq. member for the flate of Vir.jjioia, Honourable Elias Boudinot, el<i. member fur the flate of New Jei a. v. Honourable Lambert Cadwallader, eiq. member for ditto. Honourable Daniel Carrol, efq. member fur the flate of Maryland, Plonourable George Clymer, efq. member for ;he fla'.e of Pennfylvania, Honourable Thomas Fitzfimons, efq. member for ditto, Honourable Thomas Hartley, efq. member for ditto, two copies. Honourable James Madifon, efq. member for the itaie of Virginia, Honourable Thomas Sinnickion, efq. member for the flate of New Jerfey, Honourable William Smith, Efq, member for the Rate of South Carolina, Honourable Jeremiah Wadfworth, efq. member for the flate of Connecticut, Honourable Alexander White, efq. member for the flate of Virf;inia.

A. Captain Hugh A\llen, Norr.,>lk, V.

MMr. Thomas Alibone, PluUdelohia,

R. Ja'. Abercromb^e, Philad. Rev. Patrick Allifon, D. D. r-alt.

Mr. William Adcock, ditto, Mr. W. Alliion, Gnfencafile, P.

Mr. Jabez Adgate, d tto, Captain W. Alflon, Charjellon. S.C.

Guillim Aertfen,efq.Charlefton, S.C. Jaqiielin Amblcr,erq. Pv-.chinond,

tzvo copies J. P. Airieliing, eiq. N. Bremen. Md.

Dr. Andrew Aitken, Baltimore, R. G. Aniory, efj. Bollon,

Mr. John Aiiken, Phihutclphia, Mr. D. Anderlbn, Wai^nngtor, N.C,

Dr. William Adams, Dover, D. Mr. Jas. Andorfon, Marrinfljiifg, V.

Andrew Albright, efq. Bethlcheii), P. Thes. Anderfon. efq. Albemarle, F,

Roger Alden. eiq. New York, Thos. Anderfon, efq. Sullcx co. N.J.

Ger. Alexander, efci. Berkley co. F. Rev. John Andrews, D. D. Ph'.lad.

Mr. Mettor Alexander, Dumfries. V. Mr. John Angu';, PeterfDure, V.

Dr. NathanielAlexander.Santee.S.C. Captain John Angus, Philadelphia,

Mr. Jof. Alifon, Chamberlbiirg, P. Mr. Pecer Anfpach, New \ ork,

MefT. AUafon & Hunter, Norfolk, V. John Anthony, efq. Bertie co. A'. C.

* In this lift, r7. fignifies \"ermont; Ct. Conneflicut ; Ms. MafTachu- fetts ; A^. Y. New Yoik ; N. J. New Jerfey; P. Pennfylvania; D, Delaware; Md. Maryland; F,; Virginia; N.C. North Carolina ; 5. C, South Carolina; G. Georgia; and A'. Kentucke,

Sv^Jcri^eri nsmt%.

Mr» Michaef App, Lancafter, P, Mr. Nathaniel Appleton,, Bofton, Abrah.un Archer, efq. York, T. Rev. Sam. Armor, Cbcflertawn, Md. Kev. j. F. ArraRrong, Trenton, Mr. Tbos, Armltrong, Phibdelphia, Mr. Wm. Armltrong, WiBchefter,r, John Arthur, cfq. Nevf York, JaiKies Afh, efq. Phitadclpbia, Mr. James Afh, Wincbefler,. T, Mr. Warren Aftley, Suffolk, V, Mr.to-hn Aftnicad. Philacfeiphia, Mr. Peter Afton, d'itto, MeiT. Aitwood & IVonfon, N.York, Kr. P. S. Aud.beTf.PbiiadeJpbJa, Mr. Mofes Auftiri', Ricbtoond,

Wm. Bac?iop,efq. Guilford, A', C. Mr. Jacob Bailey, Lancafter, P. Msjor Wrtiiam Baitey, York, V. Mr, Francis BaiHie, Marychciler, V, Mf. John Baiue, Phibdelphia,. Mr. Cbrifiopher Baker, ditto, HiHary Baker, efq. ditto, Mr, Richard Baker, Suffolk. V. K.cv,SiephenBloomerBalch,Ceorge-

town, Patowmac, Jianiei Baldwin, ef(7>. Phibdelphia, S. Baldwin. A, M. Char!e{ioi.,5. C. Mr. Jofeph Ball, Philadelphia, Mr. Samuel BaUord, Bo|{on, Hev. Alex. Balmain, WinchEfter,^. Evert Bancker, efq. New York, Gerard Bancker, elq. ireafurerof the

itate of New York, Mr. Alex. Banks, Manchefler, l\ Mr. John Bankfon, Baltimore, Col. J. Banning, E. Shore, Md. Mr. John Barber, Peterfburg, V. JMr. T. Barclay, G.town, Patowmac, John Bard, M. D. New York, Mr. Brieii Blake Barker, ditto, Mr. Wm. Barkfdale, Peterfburg, V. Dr. Barnes, Santa Cruz, Mr. John Barnes, New York, John Barnes, efq. Hagerftown, Md. Mr. Ifaac Barnes, IVenton, Mefl'. G. Barnewal! &CO. N.York, Jacob Bartjiiz. efq. York, P. Dr. P. Barraud, Williamfburg, V, Jofeph Barrel, efq. Bofton, Gjpt, Samuel Barrow, Kent to. Md, Mr. F.dward Bartholomew, Philad. Mr. Thomas Bartow, ditto, Rev. John Baffet, Albany, N. Y, ^A\. K. Bate, Peterfburg, V. J^aur. Baftail, cfq. Caroline co. V, John W. Battfon, efq. I.ewes, D. i>.c,r.hen N. Bayard, efq. Ndw York,

M. Bayly, efq. FreJencktnwir, Md, Mr.W.BaytyjGeorgetowByPaiowm. Caplain W, Bayly, Winsbeftsr, F, William Murdock Bcalf, efq. Fre-

d'cjicktC'>wn, Md, Dr. Eb. Beardfley, Newhaven, Cl. CajH. Henry Beatty, Wincbefter, /''. Dr. John Beatty, Princetofl, Dr. Readmg Beatty, Bucks co, P. MefTrs, Tbos. Beatly & co. George-

town, Patowmac, Daniel Bedmger, efq^. Norfolk, H, Bcdinj^er, efq. Shepherdftown,^, Jofepb Be«, efq. Charlellon, .S. C, Sjmueli Beech, efq, ditto, Ifaac Beers, efq. Newhaven, Ct. Rev, Francis Beefton, D. D. Pblb-

c3elphi3, Mr. Bell, EHaabelbfown, N. J. Mr. David Bell, Buckingham, F^ Mr. John Bell, Peterfburg, F. Mr. Jofepb Bctl, Martlnlburg, F. Capt.Tbos. Bell, Cbarlotteville, N.C^ Witliam Bell, cfq, Philadelphia, Capt. Wilham Bell, ditto. Dr. Nicholas Belleville, Trenton, Dr. Wm. Smith Belt, Leefburg, F. Lucas JacobBenners, effj.Charlefton, Mr. Paul Bentaloiij Baltimore, Mr. Benjamir* Berry, Baltletov;rf, F, Mr. Wm. Berr)'hill, Greencaftle, P. Mr. Thomas Betaqh, Philadelphia, Nathaniel Betbune, efq. Boflon, Robert Beverly, efq. Blandfield, F. Captain T. Bibby, Newark, N. J. Charles Biddle, efq. fecretary to the

fupreme executive council of Penn-

fylvania, Phila<}elphia, Mr, Clement Biddle, ditto, Mark J. Biddle, efq. Reading, P. Mr. Gilbert Bigger, Baltimore, Mr, Billings, Elizabethtown, A'. J. Andrew Billmeyer, efq. York, P. Hon, William Bingham, cfq, Phi^

ladelpbia, Mr. Thomas Bird, Dumfries, F, James Black, efq, Newark, D. Mi. Wm. Black, Kempfville, F, John Blagge, efq. New York, Mr. Samuel Blagge, Bofton, Matthew Blair, cfq. Annapolis, Mr.Anthony L.Bleecker, N.York, Blockley & Merrion agricultural

fociety, Pennfylvania, two copies. Jofepb Bloomficld, efq. attorney-ge- neral of the flate of New Jerfey,

Burlington, Cornelius J. Bogart, efq. New York, Mr. Jofepb Boggs, Newcaftle, D. Phincas Bond, efq. his Briliftimajef-

SvSfcTi^ri* JtJ«KE3«

, ty''s ccnM for «fec flatesof New York, New Jerfey, P^Jinfylvania, Virginia, and MaJylaHd,

Mordecai Booth, efq^ Trajjhiil, Serk- iey county, V.,

Mr- John Bordley., Kent c-ouTHy, Md.

Eiifha BoudiKot, efq. Newark, N. J..

KoE, D. BourdeauK, efij. CiiarJeif-

tOR, S.'C.

Jvlr. Thomas &o\vde, Lancafljer, F. Han. James Bowdoin, ei^. late gover- nor of MaSachuieus, BoUonj Ralj?^ Bowie, €f<!j, York, JP^ Mj-.„ Thojaias Bowie, Geerge-tewa,

Pato<wnRac, Dr^ B«yd, Bahinoore, J oil n Boyd, efq. Nortlmnnibcr'Ia'nd.j i*. Mr. Robert Beyd, Richmond, Mr. Hugh Boyle, Phiiladelphia, Mr. John Boyle, Winchefter, 9\ Major EliES Boys, Pkiladelfhia^ %ViJliatK Bradford, efq^ ^torney ge- neral of the ftate of Pe;mfyi'7Eni2, Wr^ M, Brailciord, Ch»2-leSon, S. C Mr^ James Brander, Manchelier^ i\ Hon^ David BrearJey, efq^ chief juf-

tict of the ftate of New Jerfey, 5vlr. Luke Breen, Charleiion, S.C ?vichard Brent, efq^ X?uaifries,;Fl, Mt. Nicholas BrevGort, New York, Mr. Robert Bridget, Philadelphia, rAr. Abr. Brinckerhoff, New York^ Ivlu James BringhurA. Philadelphia, Mr. Daniel N. Brififniade, W.ilh-

Mr. Thomas BrvttO'n, Phi'ladeJphia, Daniel BrcwJhcad, efq. X. Mt. James Bromley, PeierliurjT, V, iSeerpfe Brooke., ef(|. Fauquier, V. Mr. T« Brooke, Montgomery co.. fi, C'ol, Viv^ Brooking, Dinwiddieco. V^ Kir.. Phtlij:. Brsoks, Cheftertown, Svid. Jacob Broome, efe^. Wilmington., J}^ .R.CV.. Theodore Brouwers^ Philadel. ■M^'Sfri. Brown end Shortall, ditto., Mr., Andrew Browni, ditto, Dj^nie! Brov/n., efq. Camden, "5. C Mr, Jair.es Brown, Bsltimor?, .IVin. John Brown, Ciiarr.beri'burgj P^ Jc>hr. Brown, efq. fvichmond Mr. John Brown, ChAptr.rik, Md. John lir'^wn, efq.. Pnnce Wm.co. V. Mr.. JoVcph Brown, Chi-iieflon, S.C Mt. Peter Brown, Philadf Iphiz, Dr.. W.lliara Brown, Alexardriz, Mr. William Rnjwn, Fhiladelphia, ^■\Si. Bruce, eTq, BlaJcnn)uriT, 'Md, M r. 'I'irrjoth.y .Brundi5.;, Du;Trfri.2?, '/'', M.r. Pot or Brnr.st, Norfolk, jJukii.^diya.aL, jutu e!-j,. Bq'Aup.^

Mc. Alex. P. Bacli&nan, Baltimore,

Mfv, Arrdrew Buchanan, <iitto

Mr. James Buchanan, ditio,

Mr, Wailtfjr Buchanan, IVew York.^

Jamej Buck, eiij. Londciz,

Mr. WiUiana Buckie, Nc%v York,

Mr. Daniel Buckley, Pequea, P^

hlv„ Bu<2den, Philadelphia,

M'T. Calei) Bugiafs., ditt«.,

Edv/ard Burd, efq. ditto,

Joiin Suirgeft, efq. Charleiloi-,

Dt.« Michael Burke, Portfraoud), '-y..

Mr. SaBiuel Bbirke, Norfolk,

Dr. Tbofnas Burke, CaEibri.dge^ /ii,

Mr. William Burley., Bolk>n,^

James BurnGde. efc^. New Yorlc

Colonel Aa^ron Bujr, ditto,

John Burral, efq< ditto,

Captain Nathaniel Burwellj Xing

William CGunty.; /■C Dr. E. W. BhM, Batiletovvn, F. Mr. Henry BuQi, Wifiche9er, K Mr, Philip Bu(h, -ditto, James Byrne, efq. Peter&nrg, V^ Mu JeQiua B.yron., Pbilade^'phia,

Mr. Chrlftopher Cthiil, Philade^Iiia, M.r. James Calbraith, ditto, Mr.. Andrew Caldwell, ditto, Mr. £. C. Caldwell, New-Yoil, Mr. James Caldwell, Albany, Mr. Co\m CEmpbeil, Dumfries, '/<« Mr. .Donald Campbell, Norfolk, Mr. F. Camph;?!!, jun. Shi^ipentfljurg, Dr. Guft. B. Camj/bell, Duinfncs.i:, James Campbell, efq. York, /'. Mr. James C£mpbelL, Philadelphia, Mr. James Campbell, Peteriburg, V.. Rev. df. John Campbell, York, P. John Campbell, ef?.. Bladen'^urg, J/^, Mr. Malcolm Campb^-ll, New York, Mr. Pat, Campbell. Ckamberiburg, Mr. R. Campbell, Philad. Ztopie<., Mr. Thon^.as Campbell, dmo. Col. Johu Cannoa, 'Eiornber of the

fuprefiieexeicutive council of Pecn-

'fylv^nia, Cumherbnd county. Dr. Capeiie, Wilmington, iQ. Mr, IMichael Care-/., G-reercalMe, '/', Jof. Carlton, efq. G..tcwn.Petowmac, Richard B. Carmichacl, efjj. Queen

Anne's county, Md, Jalsn Carne'i, efq. TnefnberJi tire fc-

nate of Vir^ginia, Portfmouih, Mr, Ab.. Ce!;pcnter. Lancalier co, P. .Mt. Edward Carrell, Philadelphia, Hon- Paul <^ai!ririgtoa5 sia. Charlotte

-county., V, Mr. Carroll^ Efitlern Shore, 'Md. ■Gii^, Carroll, -fe.fg., Diidd)ngton, Md.

8

Sulifcribers^ names.

Riirht rev. John Carroll, D. D. bi -

(imp of the Roman catholic church

ui the united Hates, Baltimore, Dr. George Carter, Charleiton, S, C, John Carter, jun. efq. Richmond, R. Carter, efq. Weltmoreiand co. V. Dr. WiUiam Carter, fen. Richmond, William Cary, efq. York, V. Mr. Peter Caianave, George-town,

Patowinac. Count CaHighoni, Milan, Mr. John Cathcart, Peterfburg, V. Richard Caton, efq. Baltimore, Patrick Cavan, efq. Leelbnrg, F. Pe.er Chaille, efq, Snovvhill, Md. Jvlr. Alex. Chambers, Trenton, N'.}. JSlr. G. Chambers, Chamberibg. P. Mr. Jofeph Chambers, ditto. Rev. J. Chapman, Elizabethtn. A\ J, Charleilon Library, 5. C. Edw. Charlton, elq, Williamfburg, F. Hon. John Chetwood, efq. jullice of

the fiipreme court of New Jerfey,

Elizabeth town, Mr. R. B. Chew, Frederickfbg. V. Francis ChilfAs, efq. member of the

ailembly of iVew York, Abraham Chovet, M. D. Philadel. Mr. Charles Cill, Philadelphia, Meffrs. A. & PI. Clagett, Hagerf-

town, Md. Rev. A. L. Claik, Huntingdon co. Mr. John Clark, Richmond, V. Major John Clark, York, P. Mr. George Clarke, Greencaitle, P. Jeff. Clarke, efq. Gloucellerco. N.J. Cerardus Clarkfon, M. D. Phiiad. Philip Clayton, efq. Richmond, J. Clerk, efq. Prince George 'sco.A/i. Andrew Clinefmith, efq. Hagerf-

town, Md. Cliofophic I'ociety, Princeton, N. J. Mr. N. Clopper, Chamberfburg, P. Mellrs. A.Clow and co. Philadelphia, John Clowes, efq. Suliex county, D. Daniel Clymer, ef(i. member of the

general ailembly of Pennfylvania, Col. William Coates, Philadelphia, Mr. John Cobbifon, CharleRon, S.C. Mr. Alex. Cobean, Frederic co. AW. Mr. James Cochran, New York, Dr. John Cochran, ditto, Capt. Nicol Cochran, Philadelphia, Mr. William Cochran, York co. P. William Cock, efq. New York, Mr. R. Cockerton, Cheftertown, Md. Mr. Robert Cocks, New York, Mr. Nicholas Coleman, Baltimore, Mr. John Colhoun, Chamberfbg. P. Columbia College fociety, New York,

Rev. Nich. Collin, D. D. Philadel. Mr. Ifaac Collins, Trenton, A'. ^. Mr. N. Combes, Lamberton, A^. J. Mr. Ger. T. Conn, Hagerllown, Md, Mr. John Connelly, Philadelphia, Mr. Frd. Conrad, jun. Winchefter,r, Mr. John Conrad, ditto, William Conftable, efq. New York, Richard Conway, efq. Alexandria. Mr. Wm. Cook, Chamberfburg. P, Mr. Wm. Cook, Charlefton, .S. C. Dr. James Cooke, Delaware, Mr. flamilton Cooper, Wincheft. V, Matthew Cooper, efq. New York, Richard Cooper, efq. Kent county, /J. Mr. James Corran, Peterfburg, V. Mr. C. G. Corre, Charlefton, 5. C. Mr. Robert Correy, Philadelphia, Meff, Brothers Collar and co. N. Y, Dr. John Coulter, Baltimore, Wm. Covviin, efq, Lunenburg, V, Col. Roe Cowper, Hampton, V. Col. J. Cowperthwaite, Philadelphia, John Coxe, efq. Bloomil)iiry, N. J, John D. Coxe, efq. Philadelphia, Tench Coxe, efq. ditto, M'm. Coxe, fell. efq. Sunbiiry, P. Mr. Wm. Coxe, jun. Philadelphia, John Cozine, efq. New York, Mr. Nathl. Craghill, Martinfbg. V, Adam Craig, efq. Richmond, Dr. James Craik, jun. Alexandri.i, James Cramond, efq. Philadelphia, Mr. Matthew Crane, New York, Edw. Crawford, efq. Chamberfbg, P., Dr. John Crocker, Charleilon, 5. C. William Croft, efq. ditto, Mr. Charles Crookfhank, Baltimore, Capt. George Crofs, Charlefton, 5. C.- John Cruger, efq. New York, Mr. Wm. Cumming, Philadelphia, Col, J. N. Cummings. Newark, N.J. John CunlifHe, efq. Richmond, Mr. J. Cunningham, Charleilon, S, C. Mr. Ignatius Cnrley, Dumfries, F. Mefl". A. and D. Currie, New York, Dr. William Currie, Philadelphia; Mr. Thomas Cuthbert, d tio, Leonard M. Cutting, efq. New York, Mr. John C. Cuyler, Albany, N. V. Mr. John Cuyler, jun. ditto.

<s> Mr. Langhorn Dade, Dumfries, F. David Dagget, cfcj. Newhaven, Ci. Philip Dalbv,efq. Wincheflcr, F. A. J. Dallas, efq. Philadelphia, Mr. J. Dalrymple, Frederickfbg. F, Mr. James Dalzel, Richmond, Julius B. Dandridge, efq. ditto, Le Chevalier D'Anmours, his tnoit

Subjcribers'' names^

chrillian majefty's conful, for the ftate ofiVIarylAiid, Baltimore, Mr. John Davau, Elizabethtn. h-, J. Meir. K. Daviwi & CO. HagerHn. Md. F. Davenport, efq. Woodbury, A^. 7" MoH. Davenport & Triplett,Falni. P'. Mr. James Davidfon, Philadelphia, Mr. Samuel Davidfon, George-toVk'n,

Patovvinac. Mr. Cornelius Davis. New York, Mr. George Davis, Trenton, Mr. John Davis, Philadelphia, Mr. Wm. Davis, Chelier county, P, Wm. R. Davi^, efq. Charlefton, 5\ C. Mr. J. Dawes, jun. Bofton, Major Ben. Day, Frederickfbg. V. Gen. Dayton, Elizabethtown, A". J. Mr. J. Dayton, ditto, Dr. J. J, Dayton, ditto, Col. Wni. Deakins, George Town

Patowmac, Peter Pean, efq. New Providence, James Deane, efq. Cumberland, V. John Deane, efq. Fluntmgton co. P. John Deas, efq. Charlelton, 5. C. Dr. Daniel De Benneville, Mooref-

town, A". J, Mr. G. De Bernoux, Dumfries, V. Capf. Stephen Decatur, Philadelphia, Le Marquis De Chappedelam, Paris, Monf. La Ray De Chaumont, Philad. Hon. St. John De Crevectciir, his moft chriftian majelly's conful ge- neral to the ftate of New York, His excellency Don Diego De Gar- doqui, plenipotentiary Encargado desnegocias of his cathohc majclly, New York, Balthazar De Hacrt, efq. New York, Mr. John DelaHcld, ditto, Le Sieur De la Forell, his moll chrif- tian majefty's vice conful, for the ftate of New York, Sharp Delaiiy. efq. Philadelphia, Mr. Samuel Delaplitne, New York, Monf. De la Tombe, his m<ift chnf- tain majelly's conful for the Hate of MafTachufetts, BoHon, Don Salvador De los Monteros, Cuba, Le Sieur De Marbois, his moft chrif- tain majefty's vicc-confulfor Philad, His excellency Le Comte De Mouf- tier, his moil clinitian rhajefty's rninifter plenipotentiary to the uni- ted ftates of America, New York, George Deneale, efq. Alexandria, Mr. William Denning, New York, Mr. Michael Dennifon, England^ Mr. David Denny, P, VOJL. VI.

Mr. H. W. Defauffure, Charlef- ton, 5. C.

Mr. John Deverel, Bofton,

Ebenr. Devotion, efq. Vv indham, Ct,

Monf. J. P. KriHot De WarviUe, Paris,

Robt. Dick, efq. Bladenftjurg, Md.

Mr. Peter Dickey, bhippenlburg. P.

Mr. Gilcrift Dickinfon, New York,

H. Dickinfoii. efq. Caroline cu. Md.

Hon. John Dickinfon, efq. Wilnvng- ton, D.

Hon. Phil. Dickinfon. efq. Ti nton,

Meft"r«. J. T. aiid W. Dickfon, Baltimore,

John Dixon, efq. Winchefter. F.

Mr. Thoma-. Dobbins, York, P.

Mr. Robt. Donaldfon, Peteriburg,/"

John Donnaldfon, efq. Philadelphia,

Mr. Jos. Donnaldfon, ditto,

Mr. John Donneil, Dumfries, T.

Mr. John Donneil, Philadelphia.

Mr. James Donuinfon, Baltimore. -

Mr. Colin Douglas, Manchefter, F.

Mr. Win. Douglas, Peterfburg /'.

Mr. Sam. Douglafs, GreencalUe, i*.

Mr. James Dowdall, Norfolk.

Col.J.Gamul Dowdall, Winchef. T.

Mr. Alex. DoyljGeorge Town, Pa- towmac.

Dr. George Draper, New York,

William Drayton, efq. L. L. D. CharleUon, Souih Carolina,

Mefi\ Drinkall and Elkrigge, Rich- mond,

Mr. Wm. Drinker, Philadelphia,

Capt. Jacob Dritt, York, P.

Col. Wm. Duer, New York,

Mr. George Duffield, Philadelphia,

Mr, John Duffield. ditto,

Mijor Pairick Durfey, ditto,

Mr. Jofeph Dugan, ditto,

Mr. Daniel Duncan, Shippenfburgi*.

Thomas Duncan, efq. Ca.lifle, P.

Aaron Dunham, efq. Trenton, jV. J,

Mr. Robert Dunkin, Ph ladelphia,

Mr. J. Dunlap, George Town, Pa- towmac,

Andre wDunfcomb, efq. commiflioner for adju fling the continental ac- counts, Richmond,

Edwd. Diinfcomb, efq. New York,

Monfieur Duplaine, Philadelphia,

Mr. Peter Le Barbier Duplefiis, do,

Mr. Francis Dupont, ditto,

Mr. Francis Durand, New Y'ork,

Mr. Thomas Durie, ditto,

Mr. Michael Durney, Philadelphia,

Mr. Etienne Dutilh, ditto.

Shbfcribers' names.

I^'Ir. Sam. DuvaU, rrederif7town, Md.

iaainuel iJyer, efiq. Albemarle, F. <^>

S. Earle. efq. Queen Anne's co. Md.

i^r, JohnEcclclton. DorcheOer co.

Mr. Win. Edgar, New York,

John ¥.(\\e, clq. York, P. .

John Edwards, efq. commirfinner of the treai\iiy, ChaiMon, S. C,

Dr. 'I'honias Elder, Philadr-lphia,

Rev. Andrew Eiliof, Fairfield. Ct.

Benj. Elli(it, elq. tlnniinjjton co. P.

Mr. Robert Ellio;, Hayerlrown, Md.

Mr. Stephen Eiiiot, Yale coHegc, Cl.

Mr. Thomas Elliot, haitmiore.

Thos. O. Ellloit. efq. Charld}un,5. C.

Mr.IlKtm.is Elliioii, New \'ork,

Mr. Nat. Elinaker, I.ancaftc-r co. P.

Dr. Ebenezer Elmer, Cohanl'e, A'. J.

Mr. Peter Eltmg, New York,

Mr. \Vm. Embieion, Kent co. Md.

Mrs. Ann Emien, Philadelphia,

Mr. Caleb Einlen, ditto,

John Einlcy, efq. Pottiiown, N.J.

Gapt. Silas Eiigies, Philadelphia,

Geoi-ne Englis, efq. 5;. Fi?icrvts.

Mr. Severin Enchfon, Wilming- ton. A'. C.

Capt. John Eifkine, Talbotton, Md.

Ed. Eubanks, efq. EaRern-lhore, Md.

Mr. John pA'ans, Philadelphia, Col; James Ewell, Prince VV'm. co. F. Gapt. James Ewing, Somerfet co. Md.

Gen. James Ewin^j, Wright's ferry,

Sufquehannali, P. Mr. James Ewing, York county, P. Rev. John Ewing. D. D, provoU of the uiiiveriity t>f Pennfyivania. <s> J><hn J. Fiefch. efq. Morris CO. N. J. 'Ihorras Panning, efq. Norwich, Ct. Mr. Junes Farquhar, New York, Mr. F^rnngton, Long iiiand, Abrah. Faw, efq. FredenctovMi, Md, Mr. Wm. Fenwick, Richmond, Mr. J^lm Ferris, Wilmington, D. Mitis FHher, elq. Philadelphia, Ihfim'a^ Fiilier, efq. York./', William Filher, eOj. Philadelphia, Mr. F,d. Fitzi^erald. Chainberlbg. P. Col. John Fitzgerald, AlT-xandria, (rKorge Fitzhugh, elq. Md. 'Fho.nas Fiizhiigh, riq. Jiufcobel, P'. M^ir. Firming and Vv oodiop, Peterf-

•burrr, V. Samloii Fleming, efq. New York, Flori?'W. Fleming, Ch'-HerHcid, F. Mr. Richard Folwell, Philadelphia. MeU,D. and J. Fonda. Albany, .V.r. rvii. Adam ]ronerdcii,'bauii5iui't.

Mr. J. Fnrman, Cheflerfown, A/af. Mr. bcrahno Formicola, P,.iclinioiid, Mr. Geo. Forrell, Charlelton, S. C. Col. una bForreit, Georgetown 5 l-a:0. John Forfyih, elq. York, P. Capt. Thomas Fort, Wilmington, D, Samuel Foulke, eia. Bucks county . P, Dr. William Foulhee, Richmond, Mr. George Fox, Philadelphia, Mr. Samuel M. Fox, ditto, John Foxcroft, efq. agent for his Bri-

laiinic majclly's packets, New

Yorlr, Hi-' excellency Benjamin Franklin,,

efq. late prefident of Penufylvama, M'jil^S.' Franklin & co. iNew York, Mr. '\^ alrcr Franklin, Philadelphia, AlexanderFrazerjefq.Chav!eJion,.S.C. Mr. James Freeland, Peterfburg, y. Peier Ireneau, ciq. iecreiary oi the

llate'ot South CaroUna, Dr. Wm. Frilby, Kent county, Md. Mr. Benjamin Fuller, Philadelphia, Dr. James Fulton, Cecd county, Md, . Mr. W'm. Fuiion, junr. Bakunore, |- Moore Furman, efq. Trenton, N. J,

Hon. Thomas Gadfden, efq. Charlei-

ton. .S. C. Mr, Hugh Gaine, New York, Ekjah l^aither, efq. Hagerliown,AjV. Mr. Albert Gallatin, 1 ayetie co. P, Mr. P. W. Gallaudri, Philadelphia, Mr. R. Galloway, PYedericfburg, V. Capt. Jas. (jamblc, Chelnut Level, P ?»L. Joleph (iamble, Vvincheller, /''. Mr. Robert Gamble, Siaur.ton, /''. Levi Gantt, efq. Hladenfburg, Md. Dr. Jas. Gardetie, Philadelphia, Mr. J. L. Gardiner, Princeton, _iV.y. Mr. Peter Garts, BakiDiore, Benjamin Gautt, eiq. St. Lujatia^ . Mr. Dav:d Gedde^, Annapolis, Charles Ghequiere, elq, Lauimore, Mr. Wm. Gibb, Accomack, T. Jimrs Gibbon<:, clq. W ilinington, D. iVir. Laurence Gibbons, York,^'. Mr. Henry Gibbs, Charlellori, 6". C Joci G'hbs, eiq, ^'ianshcld, A'. Jf. Samuel Gihbs, efi;. Bucks county, P, Mr. John Gibfor, Dumfries, V. W t)olman Glbfon, ciqairc, Eallcrn

Shore, Md. Dr. Reuben Gilder, Baltimore, Flon. A. Gillon, Charle«on,..S'. C. Robert Gilmor, eiq. Baltimore, Rev. L. Girelius, Wilmington, D, Mr. A. GlafTel, Frcdcnckiburg, /'. Kir. A. (Jlalsforrl, Newcallleco. D. Mr. Jas, Guldlborou^^hjE. Shore, Md,

SvSfcr-iers' names.

11

?4r. Winkles B. GoIdthwaJte, Phil. Mr. John Gooiiwin, Peterlburf^, /^. Mr. Edwaid (joold, New York, William Goodly, efq. York, (^. Mr. PeterGorrton,Mount-hoily,A^./. Mr. Samuel Gore, BoHon, Harry DoilVy Gough, efq, Baltimore, Mr. John Goulding, Baltimore, Theod. Goiirdin,efq.ChdrleUon,S. C. Ifaac Gouverneur, efq. New York, Mr. George Graeff, Lancafter, P, Mr. John Graeff, ditto, Mr. Sebaftian Graeff, ditto, Mr. John Graff, Philadelphia, John Graham, efq. Charlelloii, <S. C. Richard Graham, efq. Dumfries, ^. John (iiraininer, el(i. Feierfburg, ^. Mr. John Granbury, Norfolk, f^-. Mr. Francis Graves, Richmond, Mr. Richard Graves, Kent co. Md. Capt. David Gray, Martinfhurg, V, Mr. G. Gray, jiin. Gray's ferry,/*. Mr. James Gray, New ^ ork, Mr. John Gray, Baltimore,'' Mr. Robert Gray, Philadclphlaj Mr. William Gray, ditto, Phil p (rrayueil. efq. Baltimore, Col. Abraham Green, Peierlbiirg, V. Rev. Afhbel Green, Philadelphia, Mr. John Green, Peterfburg, F. Mr. Da\'id Greene, BoiUm, Mr. Jofeph Greene, ditto, Mr. Samuel Greene, Annapolis, James Greenleaf", efq. Amfierdam^ Mr. Mofes Greenleaf, Newbury Port, Mr. John Greer, Y'ork, P. David Grier, efq. ditto, Corbin Griffin, efq. York, V. Mr. Selwood Griffin, Philadelphia, Mr. R. E. Griffith, ditto. Mr. Anthony Griffiths, New York, Capt.MolesGueft.N.Brunfwic./,'. 7. Mr. J.G.Gu'.gnard.Charlellon,' S'.C. Mr. John Gunn, Richmond, Meir. Gurney & Smith, Phiiadelphia,

Mr. James Racket, Baltimore, Mr. John Kacket, ditto, Mr. John N. Hagenau, Philadelphia, Mr. Ph lip Plagner, diito, Mr. Frederic Ilaiter, duto, Mr. John Hall, Flemingion, N. J. Dr. Ifaac Hall, Feierfturg, V. Thos. Hall, efq. Tharlellon, 5. C. Mr. Edw.Halfcy,Eallern Shore, Md. Mr, Jofeph Hallet, New York, Hon. Alex. Hamilton, efq. ditto, James Hamilton, efq. Carhfle, /*. Pail Hamilton, efq. Charldlon. 8. C. \Vai. Hamilton, efq. Bullihillj P.

Abijah Hammord, efq. New Y'ork, Mr. John Hammond, Eaitimore, N. Hammond, efq. Cambridge, Aid, Mr. Wm. Plammond, Baltimore, Renj. A. Hamp, efq. Alexardria, Gen. Edward Hand, Lancaller, P. Mr. T. B. Elands, Chefienowii. Md, John C. Handy, efq. SnowhiU . Md. Captain Bernard Hanlon, Trenton, Hon. A. C. Elanfon, efq. Frederick- town, Md. Mr. Leonard Harbaugh, Baltimore, John Harper, clq. Alexandria, John Elarper, efq. Porifmouth, F. Mr. Frederic Harris, L-oiufa. F. Mr. R.G. Harris, Phi'addphia. Dr. Tucher Harris, Chariellon. 5. C, William Harris, efq. York, /'. Mr. Edmund Harrifon, Peterfburg. F. Richard Harrifon, efq. New "V'ork, MefTrs. Hart & Rotheltcr, Hagerf-

town. Md. Robert Hart, efq. Spotfylvania, F". Silas Hartj efq. member of the le-

gifiatiiie of North Carolina, Jacob Hartman, elq. Santa Cruz. Mr. Jon. Hafbrouck.TjUterco.A'.r. Meff. Ilafwell & Rulfel, Benning- ton, Vt. Mr. J. Hafklns, EaRern Shore, Md. Mr. Henry Haughn, Philadelphia, Hon, Benjamin Elawkins, efq, War- rington, A'. C. Mr. John Haworth, Philadelphia, Mr. Jacob Hay, Lancaller, P. Mr, James Hayes, New '^'oik, Mr. Robert Eiayes, Norfolk, Wm. Hayward,efq. Talbotton, Md. Ebenezer Hazard, efq. poftmaller

general, New York, Nathaniel Hazard, efq. ditto, Mr. Ifaac ria/.Iehiirll, Philadelph'a, Robt.Hazlchurft.efq.CharleOon.S.C. Commodore Hazlewood, Philad. Mr. John Heap, Shippenf.urg, P. John Hcaih, efq. Lancaller co. P. Mr. Michl.Heathcote, Peterfbg. T. Charles Lleatly, efq. Philadelphia, Mr. John Heffernan, ditto, Mr. Frederic Heifz, ditto, _ Mr. \^'ni. Hemphill, Wilmington, D. Rev.W.Hendet, D.D.Lancafier, P. Mr. A. HendeiTon, Huntington CO./*. Pvich. Hcnderfon,efq. Bladenlb. Md, Cap. W . Henderfon, Grecncalile, P. Col. George Henry, Princeton, A''. J, Mr. Hugh Henry, Philadelphia, John Henry, efq. ditto, Mr. Thomas Hepburn, Baltimore, Will. am Heibert, efq. Alexandriaj

Subfcrihers' names.

Mr. Wm. Hereford, Dumfries, V. Mr. James Heron, Richmond, Mr. Pvobert Heterick, York, P. lion. Wm. Heth, efq. ShUlelah, V, Mr. Jofiah Hewes, Philadelphia, Mr. S. Hewes, jun. Bofton, William Heyer, efq. New York, Mr. Samuel Hig^infon, Baltimore, Henry Hill, efq. Bertie county, N. C. Hon. Henry Hill, efq. Philadelphia, Jofeph B. Hill, efq. Bertie co, N.C. Mr. William Hill, New York, Michael Hillegas, efq. continental

treafurer, two copies, Jacob Hiltzheimer, efq. member of the

general alTembly of Pennfylvania, Col.Okey HoaglandjBurlingt, A^. J. lion. John Slofs Hobart, efq. judge of the fupreme court, New York, Col, Samuel Hodgdon, Philadelphia, Mr. William Hoclgfon, Alexandria, Jacob HochllrafTer, efq. Albany coun-

ty, N.y. Mr. J. Hoffman, Frederictown, Md. Martin Hoffman, efq. New York, Philip L. Hoffman, efq. ditto, Rev. Mofes Huge, Shepherdrtown, F. Dr. G. Hohnbaiim, Charleffon, S.C. Mr. Jan-.es Holli(lr.y, Winchelter, V. Mr. William Holiiday, ditto, Teffe Hollingfworih, elq. Baltimore, Levi Hollingfworih, efq. Philad. Levi Holiingi'worth, jun. efq. Elk- ton, ^l(i'. Sam. Hnllingfworth, efq. Baltimore, Thomas Holllngfworth, efq. ditto, Zebulon Hollingfworih, efq. ditto, Mr. Hugh Holmes, Philadelphia, Mr. John Holmes, Cape May, Mr. J. B. Holmes, Charledon, S.C. Col. Jofeph Holmes, Wincheffer, F. Mr. N. Plolmes, Morris river, A^. J. Mr. Charles Homalfel, Philadelphia, Meff. Hooe & Harrifon, Alexandria, James Hopkins, efq. Lancafter, P. Major David Hopkins, Elkridge, M. John Hopkins, efq. continental loan- officer, Richmond, Mr. Richard Hopkins, Philadelphia, lion. Francis Houkmfon, efq. judge

of admiralty, Philadelphia, Aaron Howell, efq. Trenton, Jofeph Howell, e(q. pqymalter gene- ral to the united Uatei, New York, Capt. W.Howell, Charleflown, Md. Adam Hublv, efq. member of the general affembly of Pennfylvania, Lancafier, Mr. John Hubly, Philadelphia, Jaffph Ilubl;, , efq. Lancafter,

Dr. James Huchinfon, Philadelphia, Melf. Hudlon & Goodwin, Hartford, Chnilopher Hughes, efq. Baltimore, James M. Plughes, efq. New York, Asiheton Humphreys, efq. Philad. Col. Rich. Plumpton, Chefter co. P, Abraham Hunt, eiq. Trenton, Mr. S. W. Hunt, BofJon, Mr. Thomas Hunt, New York, Meff. Hunter & Glafs, Peterfburg, Mr. David Hunter, Martinfburg, F. Mr. George Hunter, Alexandria, Mr. James Hunter, Philadelphia, Captain John Hunter, Hampton, F. Mr. Robert Hunter, New York, Col. Eben. Huntington, Norwich, Ct. Gen. Jedidiali Huntington, do, John Hurke, eiq. Wilmington, N. C. Rev. Jofeph Hutchins, Philadelphia. Hon.R.Hutfon, efq. CharlelU>n,5.C. John Hyatt, efq.NewcalUe county, ZJ. Mrs. Hyatt, Port Penn, D. Mr. John Hyndman, Baltimore. Richard Hyndfon, eiq. Kent co, Md.

Jared Ingerfol, efq. Philadelphia. Col. Harry Innes, Danville, A'. Col. James Innes, attorney general of the flate of Virginia. Richmond. Gen, James Irvine, Ptiiladelphia.

"^ . James Jacks, cfi. Lancafler, P. jilr. Samuel Jackfon, Philadelphia. Major William Jackfon, do. Mr. Jacob Jacobs. Charleilon, 5. C. Mr. Abel James, Philadelphia, Mr. James Jame^. Dumfries, F. Mr. Jofeph James. Philadelphia. David Jameloii, ei<|. York, F. Mr. Johnjanney, Leefburg,do. Mr. Thomas January, A'. Mr. B. Jarvis, Bodon. His excellency John Jay, efq. fecrc- tary to the' united Hates for foreign aflairs, New York. Mr. John Jeffers, Peterfburg, F. Plon. Tho. Jefferton.efq. late minifler plenipotentiary from the united flatcs to the court of V^eriailies. Patrick Jeffrey, efq. Boffon. Daniel of St, Thomas Jenifer, efq.

Annapolis. Mr. J. Jenkins, Northumbcrlandco./*. Mr. Matthew Jenkins, New York. Melfrs. Jennings and Wooddrop,

Charleilon, S. C. Mr. Thomas Jervey, do. Col. ii. Johnlbn, FrcderiBown, Md. Mr. Thomas Johnfon, do. Capt, Andrew Johnflon, York, P.

Suhfcribtrs^ vames.

Col. Francis Johnnon, Philadelphia, Mr. James JohnDon, New Yo;k, John JohiiOoTi, efq. do. John Johnflon,efii. Chamberfbiircr.P. Dr. Robert Johnfl on. Greencaltie, P. Rev. Daniel Jones, Carliflc, F. Hon. Jofeph Jones, Richmond, Mr. liiiac Jones, Philadelphia, Mr. T. Jones, Frederiftown, Md. Mr. Henry Joyce, Richmond. Mr. Alex. Juhan, Charleljon, 5. C.

Mr. John Kean, WincheQer, V. Capt. Roger Kean, Philadelphia. Jolin Kearflcy.elq. Shepherdllown,/'. Mr. Adam Keelinjj, Norfolk, Rev. S.Keene, jnn.CheHertown, Md. Mr. Thomas Keene, Richmond, John Keefe, eU\. New York. Mr. Michael Keller, York, P. Geo, Kellv, efq. Norfolk, Mr. Nat. Kelfw, Manchefter, F. _ Mr. Andrew Kennedy, Philadelphia, David Kennedy, efq. do. T. Kennedy, efq. Cumberland co.P. Mr. James Kent, Poughkeepfie, N.V. Mr. John Kercheval, VVincheiler, V. Mr. Andrew Kerr, Charleflon, S. C. Meff. Ed. Kerr and co. Acconuc;, F, Mr. John Kerr, Richmond, Mr. William Kidd, Philadelphia, Mr. Alexander King, VVincheiler, F. Mr. John King, York county. P. Miles King, elq. Hampton, F. Mr. Samuel Kingfley, Philadelphia, Ephraim Kirby, efq. Litchfield, Ct. Rev. Sam. Kirkland, Oneida, A'. V. Andrew Kirkpatnck, efq. New

Bninfwic, iV. /. Mr. J. Kirkpatnck, Chamberfbg. P. Dr. Benjamin KiflTam, New York, John W. Kittara, efq. Lancafler, P, Mr. George Kline, Carlifle, P, Capt. Francis Knox, Philadelphia, Hon. gen. Henry Knox, Secretary at

war, to the united Hates, New York, Dr. Hugh Knox, Santa Cruz. Dr. Samuel Knox, York county, P, Mr. William Knox, Peterfburg, F. Col. Simon Kollock, Lewes, D. Mr. Samuel Krams, Salem, N. C. Mr. Jacob Krug. Lancaller, P. Mr. Chriftopher Kucher, Philad.

<^ Brig. gen. Lacy, Burlington, co.N.'J. Edmond B. Lacy, efq. Richmond, fvlr. William Laight, New Y'ork, Col. John Laird, ^'ork county, P. Mr. John Laird, George to w;i, Pa-

fuwmac.

53

General John Lamb, New Yor1<, Mr. James Lamberton, Carliile, P. Mr. benjamin Laming, Baltimore, John Lardner, efq. P, Mr. (jeorge L,atiiner, Philadelphia, Dr. Henry Latimer, Newport. D. Mr. John Laurence, Greencaftle. P, Jonathan Laurence, elq. New York, Mr. Thomas Latirence, ditto, Hon. Richard Law, efq. chief juHice of the iupreme court of Connecti- cut, New London, Ce. Mr. James Lawrafon, Alexandria, Mr. John Lawfon, Dumfries, F. Jonathan Lay, efq. Saybrook, Cf. Mr. John Lea, Wilmington, D. Mr. Thomas Lea, Philadelphia, Samtiel'Leake, efq. Trenton, Mark Leavenworth, efq. Newbaveri. Mr. Jofeph Leblanc, Philadelphia eo. Lewis Le Couteulx, efq. Briftol, P. Ludwell Lee, efq. Alexandria, Hon. Thomas Sun Lee, efq. George

town, Patowmac. Mr. Wm. Lee, Hagerdown, Md. Mr. Maximilian Leech, Kingfellinj;;

townlhip, P. Hon. D. Leertonwer, conful from

the united Netherlands, Bofton, Mr. Derrick Leilerts, New York, , Mr. Johji Legge, Frederic fburg, F.

Dr. John Leigh, Tarborough, N. C.

Mr. Thomas Lciper, Philadelphia,

Mr. Peter Le Maigre, ditto,

Mr. Hueh Lennox, ditto,

Mr. Chrift. L. Lente,' New York.

LewisLellarjette,efq.Charle{ton,|S.r,

Peregrine Lethrbury, efq. Chefter- towri. Aid.

Aaron Levi, efq. Northumberland,./'.

Mofes Levi, elq. Philadelphia.

Mr. William Levis, Carlifle, P.

Charles L. Lewis, efq. Albemarle, F.

Lion. Francis Lewis, efq. New York,

Mordecai Lewis, efq. Philadelphia,

Morgan Lewis, efq. ditto,

William Lewis, efq. ditto,

John Lightwood, efq. Charleflon, S.C.

Mr.G. Lindenberger,jun. Baltimore,

Mr. Adam Lvndfay, Norfolk, F.

Reuben Lindfav, efq. Albemarle,/'.

Mr. James M. Lingan, George town, Patowmac.

Rev. William Linn, New York,

Linonian Library, Yale college, O,

Mr. John Linton, Dumfries, F.

Mr. William Lippencott, Phil.

Col. Charles Little, Alexandria.

John Littlejuhn, elq. Lecfbiirg, f,

Brockholll Livingfiunjcfq, N. Yori:;j

14

Subfcribers* names.

Edward Livingfton, efq. New York,

Rev. J. H. Livingfloiu D.D. preli- dcni of Eralinus hall, Ao,

Hon. Robert R. LivingHon, efq, chancellor ofiheftate of N. York,

H;s excellency Wm. Livingfton, efq. governor of the ftate of N . Jerfey ,

Wm. Livingfton, efq. Elizabeihtowri,

W. S. Livingfton, eiq. New York,

Mr. J:^mes Lockwood, Philadelphia,

James Logan, efq. ditto.

Mr. Lombart. do.

Capt. Jno. Long, Chefnut Level, P.

Mr. Sefh Lothrop, Charleflon. 5, C.

Rev. Peter Louw, New York.

John Love, efq. Dumfries, V.

Samuel Love, efq. Lr.iidon. V.

Mr. Wm. Loveil, Fredericfbiirg, V.

}. Loveti, efq. Fort Miller, N. York,

B. Lowndes, efq, Bladeufburg, Md.

Hon. Rawlins Lowndes, efq. Char- leflon, 5. C.

Mr. William I-owry, Alexandria,

Wm. Lowry,efq.PlLinterdon co. N.J.

Mr. John Lucas, BoUon,

Mr, William Lucas Philadelphia,

Rev. George Luckey, Md.

Cary Ludlow, efq. New York.,

Rev. Brandt Schuyler Lupion, Al- bany, A'. Y.

H.L.Lu!ielow,erq.Wilmington,./V.C.

Co\, Wilham Lyles Alexandria, Dr. James Lynah, Charleflon, S, C, Mr. George Lynan, Norfolk, Dominic Lynch, efq. New York, Mr. William Lyons, Philadelphia,

<^ MelTrs. John and James M'Alefter,

Wine-heller, V. Mr. John M'AUifter, Philadelphia, Mr. Henrv M'Cabe, Leelburg, F, Archibald M'Call, efq. Philad. Mr. James M'Call, Charlellon, S. C Mr. Jas. M'Clean, Cheilertown, AW. Blair M'Clenachan, efq. German- town, P. Capt. J. M'Clenachan, Alexandria, Mr .Thomas M'Clure, Kent co. Md. Mr. John M'Coll, Manchefter, (■'. Alex. M'Comb. efq. New York, Mr. Matthew M'Connell, Philad. Daniel M'Cormick, efq. New York, Dr. Sam. A. M'Coflcry, Carlifle, P. Sam. M"Cr3w, efq. Richmond, Mr. John M'Ctea, Philadelphia, Mr.Edw.M'Cr^d.e.Chiirlefton,S.C. Mr. S.M'Cullnch, Greencaflle,?. Mr. Robert M'Culloh, do. Mr. D. M'Curtin.Chcncrtown,,'W. Mr. Win M'Dan-el, Dumfries, A',,

^r. Alexander M' Donald, Northnm-

berl.uid county, P. Mr. Archibald M-Dougal, Richmond, Mr. John M' El wee, Philadelphia, Mr. M' Farran, Hagerftown, Md. Mr. John M'Garvey, Philadelphia, Mr. Alex. M'Gregor, ditto, Edw. M'Guire,efq. Winchefler, V. Jas. M'Hcnry, efq. L. L.D.B;iUim. Mr. James Machir, Mooi field, ^. Rev. Wm. M'Kee, Frederica, D. Mr. Alexander M'Kechen, P. Dr. John M'Ksnly, Wilmington^ D, Mr. James M'Kenna, Alexandria, Capti W. M'Kennau, Newcallle, D. John M'KefTbn, efq. New York, Mr. M. M'Kewan, Martinfbiirg, Mr. Charle"; M'Kiernan, Philad. Mr. John Mackie, Peterlburg, F. Thomas Mackie, efq. ditto, MefT. R. & A. M'Kimm, Baltimore, Mr. Thomas M'Kimm, ditto, W". M'Kimmv, efq. Charleflon, 5. r. Dr. Charles M'Knight, New York,. Mr. D. M' Knight, Shippenfbg. P. At. Madame, elq. W ilmington, A'.C. Mr. Wm. M'Laughlin, Bakim<M-e, Mr. Jas.M'Clenahan,Greencallle.P. Mr. Wm. M'Mahon,Wincheltcr, T. Mr. A\ndrew M'Minn, Bucks co. P. Dr.P.M'"Naughian,Cumbcrld.co./*, Mr. Robert M'Nell, Bollon, Mr. John Macon, Powhatan, F. John M'Pherfon, efq. Frederick- town, Md. Alex. M'Kobert, efq. Richmond, John M'Vicker.efq. New York, Rev. Wm. M'Whir, Alexandria, Col. Wm. M'Will.ams, Frederickf-

burgh, r. Rev. James Madifon, D. D. prcfi-

dent of William & Mary college,

Williamfburg, r. Col. Robert Magaw, Carlllle, P. Rev. Samuel Magaw, D. D. vice-

provoU of the univerfuy of Penn-

fylvania, Mr. Alex. Magee. Shi]»penfbiirg. P. Charles Magill, efq. Wincheller, K John Magill, efq. dmo, Wm.B. Magruder, efq. Georgetown, Mr. Jer. Mahoiiy, Chamberfburg, /\ Mr. William Maiiland, Peterlburg, r. Peter Mallet, efq. Wilmington, N.C, Mr. Ifaac Maltby, Berlin, Ct. Mr. David Mandel, Philadelphia, Mr. Philip Mark, New York, Mr. John Markland,Charle(lon,5.C, Mr. Abraham Marklev, ditto, Charles Marihall,eiq. Fauquier, F,

Subfcrihers' names.

John Marfiial, efq. RichmoiKl, Mr.Chril.Marfiialljfen.Phiiadelphia, Hon. Alex. Martin, Halifax, A', C. Dr. Ennals Martin, Talbotton, Md. Francis Martin, efq, Antigua. George Martin, M. D. Richmond, John Martin, elq. Chamberfburg, F. Mr. John Martin, Baltimore, Mr.Jof. Martin, Northumberland, P. Capt. William Martin, Philadelphia, Dr. Wm. Martin, Chefter count), /^. Mr. William Martin, Fhiladelpha, Mr. G. Mafon, jun. Colcheller, F. Mr. J. Maton, junior, BoRon, Ji)hn r. Mafon, efq,Hagerilown,iW. Thompfon Malon, elq. Alexandria, Mr. Pv-ichard Mather, Philadelphia, Mr. John Mathias, Leclburg, F. Mr. Samuel Mathis, CharieUoHj^.C. Sampfon Matthew, efq. Richmond, Mr. James Matthews, Philadelphia, Dr. Wm. Matthews, Jiohemia, Md. Mr. Fontaine Maury, Frederick.!-

burg, y. ' Thomas Mawhorter, efq. member of the gen. alfembly of Pennlylvania,

Capt. Jis. Maxv.'cll, Martmfbuig, Wm. Maxwell, efq. New "^ oik.

Mr. John G. Mayer, C'harlellon.S.C

Stephen Mazyck. efq. Charlefton,^.C

Gtorge Meade, elq. Philadelphia.

Mr. John Melbeck, do.

Capt. Jofeph Meredith, Hampton, T.

Kon. S. Meredith, efq. Philad. co.

Mr. T. Meredith, Cheller county, P.

Mr. Sara. Merian, Philadelphia,

Mr. Lot Mcrkel, New York,

Ivlr. John Merryman, Baltimore,

Dr.l'.Micheau, Elizabcthtown, N.J.

Mr. Sam, Mickic, Woodbury, A^y.

Dr. B. Middleion, Cabbinpoinr, F.

J>hn Milllin. elq. Philadelphia.

John F. Mifflin, efq. do.

His excellency T. Mifiln, efq. pre- lident of the ftate of Pennfyivanla.

Col. Samuel Miles, Philadelphia,

Mr. Eleazar Miller, jun. A'. Y.

Col. Henry Mitler, York, P.

Mr. Henry Miller, Philadelphia.

John Miller, efq. do.

Jofeph Miller, efq. Lewes. D.

Mr. Jofeph J. Miller, Philadelphia,

Mr. Magnus Miller, do.

Mr. Robert Miller, 'jun. Carlifle, P.

Mr.'Tho. Miller, Frederickfburg,^.

James Milligan, efq. Philadelphia,

Mr. Ifaac Miinor, do.

Mr. John Milton, Wincheftcr. F,

ISfr. Garret Minor, Louifa, F.

PvCv.dr.W dUcrlvIinio, Princeton. *V/,

15

George Mitchel, efq. Daglbury. D. Col. John Miichel, Charlclion, .S. C, Capt. Robert Mirchel, Richmond T.. Richard Moale, efq. Baltimore. Mr. John Molich, Charlcflon, S. C. Archibald Moncrietf, efq. Baltimore, Mr. J. Montaudevert, New York. Meffrs. Montgomerys and Henry,

Richmond. MefTrs. J, and W. Montgomery, Phi- ladelphia. Major S. Montgomery, Carlifle, P. W. Montgomery, efq. Lancafter, P. Mr. Wm, Mooney, New York, Rev. Benjamin Moore, do. Cato Moore, efq. Shepherdflown, F. Dr. Chas. Moore, member of the ge- neral afiembly of Peniifylvama, James Moore, efq. LancaUcr, P. Capt. John Moore, Kent co. Md. Capt. John Moore, Wilmington, D, Mr. Robert Moore, Peieilburgh, /'. Mr. Wm. Moore, Huntington co, P. Mr. George Morewood, New York, Mr. S. Morford, Princeton, A^. J, Mr. Geo. Morifon, Peterfburgh, /'. ^Ir. John Morifon, ditto, James R. Morris eiq. SnowhilljA/i/. Dr. John Morris, Philadelphia, Dr. John Morris, York, P. Mr. John Morris, ditto Dr. J.F. Morns,Middlebrook, N. J. Col. Lewis Morns, Charlellon, S- C. Mr. Thomas Morns, ditto, Mr. James Morriion, York co. P. Mr. Mercer Morriion, PeterlLurg, F. Vo\,y. Morrow, Shepherdilown. /'. Mr. Wm. Morrow, Chambeiibg. P. Alexander Morfon,efq. Palmoutn. F. Dr. Cha. Mortimer, Fredericfaarg F. Perez Morton, efq. Bolton, Mr. George Mofs, Charlelton, 5. C. Captain John Mofs, York, F. Alexander Moulirie efq. ditto, Hon. William Moultrie, elq. ditto. John Moylan, efq. Philadelphia, Mr. Edward Moyfton, ditto, Rev. H. Muhlenberg, D. D. Lan- cafter, F. Mr. James Miiir, Philadelphia, Mr. T." Mumford, Yale College, Cl. Mr. John Murchie, Manchefter. F. G. Murdoch, efq. Frederi£iowB, Md, Mr. John Murray, Alexandria, Mr. John Murray, Elkton, Md. J^r. Samuel Murrey, Leelburg, F, ^^r. James Mufchett, Dumfries, T. Mr. Geo. MufTer, Lancafter, P. JJr. Jofeph Mufti, Philadelphia, ^r. Ckriftian M>ers, Baltimoie,

i6

Subjcriben* names.

Mr. Jacob Myers, Baltimore, Mr. Sam. Myers. Peteribur^, V. <5s5>

Capt. W. Xeely, Bucks county, P.

Coi. Henry Neil, Lewes, D.

!)r. John Neil. SnowhiU, AW.

-Mr. Thomas Ncill, York, P.

j. Neilfon, efi}. New Brunrwic, N.J.

W.Neilfon.elq. Cecil crofs roadsjAW.

Cy.t. Hush Nelibn, York. V.

Thomas Nelfon. efq. ditto,

Col. William Nelfon, ditto,

Clayt.Newbold,efq. Burlington, A'jJ.

Cyrus Newlin, Brandewine, D.

Cot. Thomas Newton, Norfolk,

William Nichols, efq. Philadelphia,

Mr. Philip Nicklin, ditto,

Mr. Jer. Nicols, Chellertown, Md,

Robert Nicolfon, efq. York, T.

Mr':. Caroline Henrietta Norton, Winchefter, V.

Mr. Jofeph P. Norrls, Philadelphia,

Mr. Jofeph North, ditto,

Geo. F. Norton, cfq.Winchefler, F.

J. H. Norton, efq. ditto,

Jofeph Nourfe, efq. New York,

Mr. Edmond Nugent, Philadelp'iia, <^

Michar^l Morgan O'Brien, efq. Phi- ladelphia,

Robert Ogden, efq. SufTex co. N.J.

S. Ogden, efq. Delaware works, P.

Mr. Thomas O'Hara. New York,

Mr. James O'Hear, CharleHon, S. C.

Mr. David Olden, Princeton, N.J. •ohn Oldham, efq. Elkton, Md. vcv. AlbnOliott, Farmington, Ct.

Bernard O Neill, efq. Georgetown, Patowmac,

Tapf. (ieortfe Orde, Philadelphia,

^^liadrach Ofborne, efq. New York,

■:.i!uuel Ofgood, efq. ditto, \.-lam Otr, efq. Hagerftown, Md.

.'.hn Owen. efq. Charleflon. S. C.

Mr. Edward Owens, Norfolk, F.

Mr. Thomas Owram,WincheUer, V.

Mann Page, efq. Rofewell, Gloucef-

ter county, V. Mr. Samuel Paine, Richmond, ^^Ir. Charles Palefke, Philadelphia, iiaac Paris, efq. Canajohary, Mont- gomery county. New York, Rev. Samuel Parker, Bofton, T)r, Parnam, Charles county, Md. Mr. William Parret, Salem, A'. J. Mr. Robert Parrifli, Philadelphia, Mr. Eben Parfons, Bofton, ]Mr. Lewis Pafcauli, Baltimore, William Patterfon, tffq. Baltimore,

William Pafterfon, efq. Chrifllana,/). Mr. John Paiton, Huntington co. P, Mr. Jeremiah Paul, Philadelphia, Mr. 1 homas Paul, ditto, T. G. Peachy, efq. Peterfburg, F. Charles Wilion Peale, efq. Philad. Mr. Thomas Pearce, Norfolk, F. Mr. Vmcent Peiofi, Camden, N.J.' Mr. James Pemberton, Philadelphia, Mr. Michael Pender, Peterfburg,/'". Hon. Edmond Pendleton, efq. Ca- roline county, F, Col. P. Pendleton, Martinfburg, F. Hon. John Penn, efq. England. Mr. Benjamin Pennington, Philad. Mr. George Pcnnock. ditto, Dr. EHfha Perkins, Fairfield, Ct. Ifaac Perkins, efq. Kent county, Md. Mr, John Perry. Hampton, F. P-obt. Peter, efq. Georgetown, Patow. Mr. Thomas Peters, Baltimore, Mr. Derrick Peterfon, Philadelphia, Charles Pctiit, efq, ditto, Samuel O. Petlus, efq. Louifa, F. Mr. Henry Philips, Maiichejltr., E^i'

land. Daniel Phoenix, efq. New York, Col. Tim. Picketing, Luzerne co. P. MelT. Pickett & Hopkins, Richmond, Rev. Henry Pile, Newport, Md. Ro\ , Jofeph Piimore, Philadelphia, Pi '.5 excellency Charles Pinckney, clq. gv)vernorofthe{late SouthCarolina, two copies, Charles Cotefworth Pinckney, efq.

Chailellon, 5. C. ThomiN Pinckney, jun. efq. dilto, Mr. David Pinkerton, Philadelphia, John Pintard, efq. New Yoik, John Marfden Piniard, efq. Ameri- can conful, Madeira, James Piper, efq, Chellertown, Md, Richard Piatt, eiq. New York, Mr. William Plume, Norfolk, Dr. Thomas Pole, London, Benjamin Pollard, efq. Norfolk, Thomas Pollock, efq. New York, S. W. Pomeroy, efq. Hartford, C. Capt. Poole, Wilmington, D, Matthew Pope, eiq. York, F. William Popham, efq. New York, J. R. PolUeihwaite, efq. Carldle, P, Col. Samuel PolUeihwaite, duio. Col. J. Podly, Buckingham, Md. Mr, jofeph Potts, Philadelphia, Rich. Potts, efq. Fredcr cktown, Md. Mr. Stacy Potts, Harnfburg. P. Mr. James Poupard, Philadelphia, Dr. J imes Powel. Savannah, C. Col. Levcn Powell, Loudon, V,

Svijcribers* names.

Samuel Powell, efq. Philadelphia,

Mr. Seymour Powell. York, V.

Mr. William Powell, Bofton,

Me(r.Pragcrs,Liebaertand co.Philad.

Mr, Naihaniel Prentifs, do.

Mr.T. PreniifsjElizabethiown, A^. J.

Na.haii Prellon, e fq. ^W'oodbury, Ct.

Mr, Smith Price, Bucks county, P.

Mr. William Prichard, Philadelphia,

Mr. John Pringle, do.

Mr. Mark Pruiuic. Baltimore,

R. Prlnglc, M.b.'Charlellon, S. C.

Col. Thomas Plotter, Philadelphia,

Mr. John Proudfit, Fredericfbiirg, F.

Right rev, Samuel Provoolt, D. D. bilhop of the proteftant epifcopal church in the Hate of New York. <^

M,Pet. Quackenbofs, Hebron, A'^. Y.

Mr. John Ragan, Hagerflown, Md. Mr. Claudius P, Raguet, Philad. Mr. Robert Raldon, ditto, John Ramage, efq. New York, Hon.D.Ramfey, efq.CharleHon,5.C. Mr. John Ramfey, New York, Mi. Reynold Ramfey, York co. P. "1 . M. Randolph, eiq. Goochland, F. W illiam Rawle, efq. Philadelphia, Mr. Sampfon Rea, ditto, Jacob Read, efq. fpeaker of the houfe of reprefentatives of South Caro- lina, Charlcfton, ,Mr. J, Reader, iui\. Chamberfbg, P. Philip Read, eiq, Kent county, MJ. Mr. Samuel Redick, Shippenfbg. P. Dr. Jofeph Redman, Philadelphia, Bowes Reed, efq, Burlington N. J. Samuel Reed, efq. Martinlburg F, Mr. Jacob Reed, New York, Rev, James Rees, Charlellon, 5. C. Mr. James Reid, Dumfries, F. Rev. Charles Reichel, Nazareth, P. Adam Rcigart, jun.efq. Lancaller,/". Anthony Reintzel, efq. Georgetown,

Patowmac, Henry Remfen, efq. New York, William Reynolds, efq, York, F. Jonathan Rhea, efq. Freehold, A^. J, Mr. Jofeph Rice, Baltimore, Mr., Daniel Richards, Philadelphia, Mr. Archibald Richardfon, Suffolk V. Mr. Wm. Richardfon, Philadelphia, Mr. James Ricker, A'. Y. Mr. Randal Rickey, Trenton, N. J, James Riddle, efq. Chamberlturg, Mr. John Riddle, Hagerftnwn, ^ Md. Mr. Jofeph Riddle, Martinfburg, F. Mr. Jofliua Riddle, ditto. Dr. Abr. Ridgcly, ChcftertownjAW, Vet. VI.

■"'Jacob Rieger, efq. Lancafter. P.

Capt. W. Rippey, Shippenlburg, P.

Mr, Robt. Ritchie, Fredeiicib'irg, F.

David Rittenhoufe, efq. trcafarer of the Hate of Pennfylvania, Philad.

Mr. Alex. Roane, Fredericihurt;. V,

Mr. Wm. Robertfon, Albany, >.F.

W. Robertfon, efq. G.iown ,Faiow.

Mr. Wm. Robertfon, New York.

Mr. Wm. Robefon, Charlellon. 5. C.

Mr, Ezekiel Robins, New York,

Mr. James B. Robins, Snowhili, m.

Mr. A. Robinfon, Hunt:ngtcn co. P.

Mr. Mau. Robinfon, Potdiown, A', j.

Mr. Samuel Robinfon, Philadelphia.

Gen. Roberdeau, Alexandria.

Rev. dr, John Rodgers, New York,

Mr. Walter Roe, Bahimore,

Capt. John Rogers, Planipton, F.

Mr. Jofeph Rowers, Philadclph'a,

Col. Nicholas Rogers, Baltimore,

Mr. William Rogers, New York,

Melfrs, Rogerfon and Dabney, Alex- andria,

Mr. James Roney. Philadelphia,

J. F. Roorbach, efq. New York,

Ifaac Roofevelt, efq.. do.

Col. Jefle Root, Hartford, Ct.

Mr. William Rofr. Richmond,

Mr. Colin Rofs, !• rcd^riclbiirg. F.

Capi.HoratioRofs,Shepherdfiown,r.

Mr. Hugh Rofs, Fort Pitt, P.

Mr. jas. Rofs, Dickmfon colfeg-, P.

Thomas Rofs, efq. Cheiicr co. P.

Mr. John Rowe, BoHon.

Benjamin Rumfey, efq. Md.

Dottor John Ruinfcy, George-town, Eaflern fhore, Md.

Mr. Richard Rundle, Philadelphia,

Benjamin Rufli, M. D. do.

Hon. Jacob Rulh. efq. do.

Mr, William Rufh, do,

Meffrs. Rulfel and Smith, Berming' ham, England,

Caleb Ruflel. efq, Morriflown, A', /.

Mr. Naih. Rullel, Charlellon; S. C.

Henry Rutgers, eiq. New York,

John Rutherford, efq. do.

Edw. Rutledge, eiq. Charlellon, S. C. <s>

Mr. James Saidler, New York,

Mr. Samuel Sal.fh;iry, Boflon,

Mr. Jon. Salter, (r.town, Patowmac,

Mr. T. Salter, Eli/abethiown, A'. /.

Col. R. H. Saundcr-, Goochland, /'.

Mr. Jacob Schaller. Lancaller, P.

Mr. John Schaffer,' Philadelphia,

George Schloffer, efq, ditto,

Mr. S. Schneiders Northumberland county, P.

i8

Suhfcribcrs^ names*

George Scott, efq. Freclerictown,A/^, Guflavus Scott, efq. Cambridge, Md. John Scott, eiq. -Cheftertown, Md. John Scott, cfq. Chamberfburg, P, John B. Scott, efq. Charlotte, V. Capt. Mat. Scott, Shippenfbur^T, P, Richard B. Scott, efq. Charlotte.^. Mr. Richard M. Scott, Alexandria, Mr. Robert Scott, Philadelphia, William Scoit, efq. York, P. Mr. Samuel Scotten, Philadelphia, Mr. Jacob Seaman, New York, Mr. Jacob Sebor, ditto, Wilfon C. Selden, M. D. Leefbg.r. Mr. Nathan Sellers, Philadelphia, Col. William Semple, ditto, Mr. John Service, ditto, Mr. Jacob Servofs, ditto, William Seton, efq. New York, Thomas Jennings Seth, efq. Queen

Ann's county, Md. Thomas Seymour, efq. Hartford, Ct. Mr. Clement Sharp, Bollon, Jacob Sharpe, efq. Long Ifland, A^. Y. Mr. Ifaac Sharplefs, New \ ork, Mr. James Sharfwood, Philadelphia, Mr. John Shaw, New York, Mr. Frederic Sheets, Merrion, P. Col. Ifaac Shelby, Danville, K. W^. Sheppard. efq. member of the le- gillature of North Carolina, New- bern, Mr. Nathan Sheppard, Philadelphia. Mr. Peter Sherman, Wafliington, Ct, William Shermer, efq. Richmond, Mr. Robert Shcrrard,Winchcftcr, ^. Hon. Edward Shippen, efq. chief juf- tice of the court of common pleas, Philadelphia. Jof. Shippen, jun. efq. Lancafter, /*. Wm. Shippen, M. D. Philadelphia, Mr. Jofiah Shippey, New York, Abr. Shoemaker, eiq. Philadelphia, Mr. C. Shoemaker, Germantown, P, John Shoemaker, efq. Cheltenham,/*. Dr. John Shore, Peterfburg, Mr. Thomas Shore, ditto. Mr. James Short, York, P. Meffrs. Short and Richards, Fal- mouth, v. Mr. Benjamin Shreve, Alexandria, Thomas Sickels, efq. New York, Mr. Laurence Sickels, Philadelphia, Mr. Paul Siemen, Lewes, D. Charles Simms, efq. Alexandria, MefT. Wooddrop and Jos. Siinms,

Philadelphia, John Smmons, efq. Charlefton, 5. C. 'I'homas Simmons, efq. ditto, Johw Singer, efq. Trenton,

Mr. Ifaac Siitler, Wlnchefler, V. Mr. Wm. Skinner, Martinfburg, V, Dr. A. Slaughter, Portfmouth, K Smith Slaughter, efq. Shepherdftn.r. Hon. John Smilie, efq. member of the fupreme executive council of Pennfylvania, Dr. Smith, Charleflon, S. C. Mr. Abiel Smith, Bollon, Mr. Alex. Smith, G.town,Patowm. Bartlee Smith, efq. Charleflon, S.C, Benjamin Smith, efq. ditto, Mr. Ez. Smith, Stoneybrook, N. J. Mr. Hugh Smith, New York, Maj. J. Smith, Queen Anne's co.Md, James Smith, efq. York, P. James Smith, efq. Charlellon, S. C. Jafper Smith, efq.Hunterdonco.A'.^, John Smith, efq. Winchefler, T. John Sm th, efq Mooreftown, N.J. Jonathan B. Smith, efq. Philadelphia, Hon. Ifaac Smith, efq. juflice of the

fupreme court of New Jerfey, J. S. Smith, efq. Redhook, Melantlon Smith, efq. New York, Robert Smith, efq. Philadelphia, Mr. Robert Smith, ditto, Robert Smith, efq. Baltimore, Roger Smith, efq. Charleflon, S. C, R. S. Smith, efq. Mooreftown, N. J. Col. Samuel Smith, Baltimore, Mr. S. J. Smith, Burlington, N.J. Thomas Smith, fen. efq. New York, Thomas Smith, jun. efq. ditto, Thomas Smith, efq. Carlifle, P. Thomas Smith, efq. continental loan- officer, Philadelphia, Thomas Duncan Smith, efq. Hunt- ington county, P. Thorowgood Smith, efq. Baltimore, Wilbam Smith, efq. New York, William Smith, efq. Baltimore, Mr. William Smith, Boflon, Mr. William Smith, Hampton, F. Wm. More Smith, efq. Montgomery

county, P. Robert Smyly, efq. Eaflernfhore,A/(/. Mr. Geo. Snowden,jun. New York. Mr. Gilbert T. Snowden, Md. Mr. Jofeph Snowden, Philadelphia, Mr. W. Spalding, Shepherdllown, P", Mr. Baltzer Spangler, York, P. Mr. S. Spear, Baltimore, Tho. Sprigg, efq. Hagerflown, Md. Mr. W. Somervale, Charleflon, S. C. Mr. John Souder, Philadelphia, Col. Jas. Southall, Williamlburg, F. Mr. Edward Stabler, Leefburg, r, Mr. Wm. Stackpole, Boflon, Capt. John Stagg, NewYork,

Subfcribcrs' names.

»9

Mr. John Stapler, Wilmington, D. Mr. John Starck, jun. Baltimore, Mr. F. W. Starman, Philadelphia, Abraham Steiner, efq. Hope, N. J. Mr. J. Sieiner, jun.Frederictown Md. Mr. G. W. Steinhauer, Philadelphia, Gen. Adam Stephen, Martinfburg, F. James Sterling, efq. Burlington, A". /. Dr. John Steuart, Bladenfburg, Md. Mr. Stevenfon, Philadelphia, Mr. Clotwonhy Stevenfon, Richmd. Dr. Geo. Stevenlon, Carlifle, P. Mr. Hay Stevenfon, New York, MeflTrs. Stewart and Nefoitt, Philad. Dr. Alex. Stewart, Chamberfburg, P. Mr. Alex. Stewart, New York, Mr. Arthur Stewart, Richmond, Mr. A. Stewart, Pougkeepfie, N. Y. Mr. D. Stewart, Huntingdon, co.P. Mr. Andrew Stockholm, New York, Benjamin Stoddert, efq. Georgetown,

Patowmac. Mr. Leman Stone, Derby, Ct. Mr. W. S. Stone, Fredericfnurg, F, Dr. Storck, Williamfport, Md. Meffrs. Storm and Sickels, A^. Y. Thomas Stoughton, efq. ditto, Mr. Sam. Stout, Princeton, N. J. Mr. Jofeph Stretch, New York, Mr. Wm. Stribling, Battletown, F. Mr. John Strieker, Baltimore, Mr. Daniel Strobel, Charlefion, S.C. Dr. David Stuart, Alexandria, Henry Stuber, B. M. Philadelphia, Edward Styles, efq. ditto, Mr. William Summers, Alexandria, Mr. J. Suter, Georgetown, Patowm. Major J. Swan, Baltimore, John Swanwick, efq. Philadelphia, Col. Jofeph Swearingen, Shephcrdf-

town, V. Mr. Doyle Sweeny, New York, Mr. Hugh Sweeny, Philadelphia, Meff. Sweetman and Rudolph, do. Jonathan Swift, efq. Alexandria, W. Sydeboiham, efq. Bladenfb. Md. Mr. Richard Sydnor, Baltimore, Dr. James Sykes, Dover, D. Capt. J. Sytes, Albany, A'. Y.

Philip Tabb, efq. Gloucefler, F. Mr. Jofeph Tagcrt, Philadeiphia, Mr. Robert Taggart, ditto, Col. Jer. Talbot, Ciiamberfbg. P. Nathan Tart, efq. Charlefton^^S. C. Monkhoufe Tate, efq. London, Mr. Samuel Tate, Carlide. P. Creed Taylor, efq. Cumberland co. /'. Ji-iFe Taylor, efq. Alexandria, Col. J. Taylorj New Brunfwic, A',.7

Capt. Richard Taylor, Hampton, F. William Taylor, efq. Falmouth, F. Col. Willoughby Tebbs. Dumfries,/^. Sir John Temple, hart, his Britainnic

majedy'sconlul general, NewYork, Mr. Cornelius Ten Broeck, New-

Brunfwic, N. J. Dirck Ten Broeck, efq. Albany, A'', Y. Mr. Bart. TerralTun, Philadelphia, Mr, Benjamin Thaw, Philadelphia, Meffrs. Thavcr, Barilett, and co.

Charlellon, S. C. Mr. James 1 heus, do. Dr. Philip Thomas, Yrt6.sr\c\i\. Md. Richard Thomas, efq. Cneller co. P, Mr. Richard Thomas, George town,

Patowmac. MefTrs. Thompfun and Taylor, near

Leefburg, F. Hoii.Chas. Thomfon, efq. N.York, Mr. J. H. Thomfon, Charlefion, S.C. Col . J. Thomfon, Q. Ann's co, Md. Mr. jofeph Thornbuigh, Carldle, P. Rev. Sydenham Thorne. Milford, D. John Threlkeld, efq. George town,

Patowmac. Mr. John Thurman, New York, Mr. Daniel Thuun, Philadelphia, Jofeph Tidball.efq. Lancafier co. P. Mr. Silvefter Tiffany, Albany, N. Y. W. Tilghman, efq. Cheflertown, Md, MajorR.Tilghman,Eafiern fhore,Afa'. Mr. T. R. Tilghman, Baltimore, Dr. James Tillary, New York, Mr. Charles Tillinghaft, do. Col. Nehemiah Tilton, Dover, D, Jer. Tmker, efq. New Providence, Meffrs. John Titlermary and fons,

Philadelphia, Mr. C. Tod, near Frcdericfburg, F, Mr. Henry Toland, Philadelphia, Mr. Thomas Tom, New York, Mr. JefTe Townfend, Yale college, Ct, Mr. Solomon Townfend, NewYork, Mr. Jamci Trenchard, Philadelphia. Edw. Trefcott, efc], Charlefion, S.C. Mr. James Tnpletf, Dumfries F, ('ol, Simon Triplett. Alexandria, Mr. Hore Browfe 'J'nfi, Philadel. I uther Trowbridge, efq. Albany, Hon. Charles If. Tucker, efq. N. V, Wm. Tudor, efq. Bofton, Dr. A. Tumball, Charlefion, S. C. Mr. Georgje Tunno, ditto. Sam. Turbett, efq. Lancafler, P. Major George Turner, Philadelphia, Mr. John Turner, jun. New York, Mr. T. Turner, (i. town, Patowmac, Dr. I. Tyler, Frederiffown, Md. Meffrs. Ty fon 8z Andcrfon, iiahiin.

Suhfcribers' names.

>vir. ](t\)n Underwood, Carlifle. P.

Robert Unoerwood, cfq. New York

Urui!;an locteiy, ditio,

Mr. C"ha. Urqiihart, f rcdc-ricfbg. V,

Ivir. ALr-ihani Ufher, IJaliunorCj

Mr. 1 lidinas Ufher, ditro,

Mr. Will.aiu Uliick, New York,

Adrian Vslck, efq. conful from fhe united Netherlands, lialtiiiiore, two copies, 1

Andrew Van Bibber, efq. Baltimore, Mr. Kaac Van Bibber, ditto, Rev. Hugh Vanre, Martinfburgr, V. Mr. J. VV. Vancleve. Princeton, N. J. Ml. Jo!in Vandegrift, Trenion, Cajii. liaac Vanhorne, Bucks co. P. D. Van Inccn. ern,Schene6tady,A^.y. MHV. M.&W. Vanlear, Hagerf-

town, Md. W. Van Murray, efq. Cambridge, Md. ?vlr, Jotin Van Reed, Philadelphia, Jchn J. X^'an Renffcllaer, efq. Green-

bu!i,, a; Y. K. K. Van Renfitllaire, efq. Clave-

rac, Stephen Van Renflellaire, efq. Al- bany, N. V. Mr. S. P. Van RenlTcUaire, N.V. Mr. Jimes Vanuxcni, Philadelphia, ;vlr. VitierVan Zandt. Newark. iV.y. Richard Varick, efq. New York, Charles Vaughan, efq. Philadelphia, ham^iel Vaughan, jun. efq. ditto, D. C. Verplanck, efq. New York, Cuban Verplanck, eiq. fpeaker of the

aflenibly of New York. MidFrs, Vos & Graves., Charlcllon,

.9. C. Mr. Edward Vr.fs, R-chmond, Major H.Vowles, Falmouth, F.

<^ McfT.Wadfworth & Turpin.Charlef-

ton, .9. C. Peter Wagener, efq. Colchcfier, l'. Mr. Philip Wager, J'hiladelphia, Mr. A. Waldron, New York, Mr. D. Waldron, ditto, George Walker, efq. ditto, Mr, George Vv'alker, Georgetown,

Fatowmac, Mr.Jas. Wallace, Wilmington. A'^.C. Mr. William Wallace. Carlifle, P. Mr. Thomas Walley, Bo!l<.n, Gerard Vv'alion, efq. New York, Rev. James Walton, St. Inigo, Md. Mr. William Walton, New Yoik, Mr. Pvichard Ward, ditto, Dr. Waring, Charldloi., S. C.

Meffrs. M. & H. Waring, George- town, Patowmac, Felix Warlfv, efq. Charleflon, 5. C. Dr. John Warren, Bollon, Mr. John Warren, Frederica, D. Bulhrod Wafhington, efq. Alexand. Col. Warner Wafliiugton, Frederic

county, F. Mr. Francis Vv'^aters, Dorfetco. F, Mr. Owen Waters, Philadelphia, Mr.. Richard Waters, Dorfet co..- F. Thomas Waties, efq. Charleflon, S.C. Francis W^atkins, efq. Prince Ed-

v/ard county, F. Thomas V/atkins, efq. Augulla, G. John Watfon, efq. New York, . Mr. Jofeph Watfon, Winchefler, F. Hon. Frederic Watts, efq. member of the fijpreme executive council of Pcr.nfylvania, "Jacob Weaver, efq. Philadelphia, Mr. C. R. Webfler, Albany, N. V. Major gen. Weedon, Frederufbg. F, Mr. Cafparus Weiberg, Phi lad. Mr. Jofeph Weifiger, Peterfl;urg, F. Mr. Anthony Weiff, Philadelphia, Mr. Cyprian Wells. Baltimore, Mr. John Vv'ells, New Providence, Mr. Robert, Wells, Wincheller, F. Mr. Jacob Welfh, jun. Baltimore, Mr. James Wellli, Philadelphia, Roger WeU, efq. Alexandria, Mr. John VVeflcott, Phdadelphia, Mr. Jof.'ph Weflmore, Peierfbg, F. Profper "Vl'etmore, efq. New York, William Wetniore, efq. BoHon, Mr. John Wharton, Aciomack, F. Mr. Patrick White, Psterfburg, F. Capt. Peter White, Lewes, D. R. White, jun. efq. V/inchcller, F. Rifrht rev. William While, biihop of the proteflaiu epifcopal church in the common wealth of FennfyKanui, Col. W. XA'hiteley, Caroline co. M(5?. Mrs. Eliza Whiting, CotragCj Berk- ley county, F. Mr. Conway \V'hittle, Peterfhg. F. Mr. W. Wightman, Charielion, S.C. Mr. Henry WikofF, Philadelphia, William Wilcocks, efq. New York, Mark Wilcox, efq. nicnibcr of the general alTembly of Pennfylvania, Cheller county, John Wilkes, efq. New York, Brian Wilkiiifon, efq. Philadelphia, Col. Marinus Wiilet, NewYov!<, Mel!. Williams, Cary &co. Alexan. Dr. i'i.d.YV'illiams. Shtpherddown, F, Mr. Juhu WilUa::!£, Dumfries, F.

SuhJ'crihcrs.'' names.

2f

Gen. Oiho II. Williams, Baltimore, Mr. Samuel Williams, Bofton, Mr. Thomas "William';, Richmond, Mr. William William>, Bollon, W.C. Williams, cfq. WoodUock, V. Hon. Richard Wilhng, elq. member

ofihe fupreme executive council of

i^cni'.fyivaiva, Thomas Willing, efq. Philadelphia, Mr. Scih VvMlis, ditto, Mr. Thomas Willock, Norfolk, V, Mr. Pate Wilis, York, V. Wilminjnon library, D. Mr, S. Wilmijrp. Cheliertown,Arc^. Mr. David WiUon, \\' inchcder, V, J::mes WilfMi, efq. Philadelphia, Mr. John \V ilfiim, diitn, Rev. Malt. Wiiron,D.D. I.cwrs, D. Dr. Sam. VVillon, Charleflon, S. C. JS.Wilfon, jiin.efq.Eadendhore, Md. Stephen Vv'iHbn, efq. Baltimore, Wm. Wilfon, efq. Northumberland

county, P. Mr, Wm. Wilfon, Baltimore, r^ir. Olney Winfor. Alexandria, Mr. Jofeph Winter. New York, Mr. Peter Wife, Alexandria, Mr. Wm. Wifeham, Richmond, Mr. James Wiihy, Cheiter, P. OliverWolcot, jun.efq. Hartford. O. Mr. John Wood, Philadelphia, Capiain John Woods, ditm. Turner Wootton, efq, l^ahimnre, James Wormeley, efq. Berkley co. V. J.Tol!y\V^orihinston,erq. Baltimore, Mr. Joieph Wiinht, New York, Matthew \V'rij;!u,elq. Wincheder.r, Mr. Stephen Wrijrht. Norfolk, V. Tho5.Wr!sht, efq.Wilmitiston, iV.C John C'. Wynkoop, el(|. Kinderhook,

New Y'ork.

Mr. R. Yarboroiiah, Cumberland. V, Richatd Yates, elq. New York,

Donnaldfon Y'eats, efq. Kent co,

Capt. J. Yellot, Baltimore,

Rev. dr. G. Young. Hagerftown, Af^/.

Mr. Hugh Young,' Norfolk, V.

Mofes Young, efq. Trinidad.

Notley Young, e(q. Georgetown, Md,

Samuel Young, elq. Philadelphia^

Mr. Samuel Young, ditto.

Dr. S. Young, Plagerilown, Md.

<s> Meffrs. Zacharie, Coopman, and co,

Baltimore, Col. I. Zane, Marlborough works,

near Winchefter, V. Mr, Adam Zantzinger, Philadelphia. P.jul Zantzinger, ef). Lancaller, P. Mr. John C. ZoUikottcr, Bahiinore.

Names omitted in the preceding lijl. Mr. P. Campbell, jun. Franklin co./*. Mr. Derrick Lelierts, New York, Mr. John Bradford, Lexington, /T,. Mr. Rice, Baltimore, Pvlr. Soloiiion M'Nair, Ph ladclphia, Mr. W. H. Beaumont, Pitilburg. Uz Gaunt, efq. Springfield townlhip,

Burlmgton county, M. le Chevalier de la Terriere, Bor»

demon, Miles Philips, elq.

ERRORS.

Page 6, line i, for Jofeph Antho- ny, elq; Lunenhvrrr. read Jofeph A-a- thony, elq. Lynchburg.

Page 11, line 46, for inr. James Hacket, Baltimore^ read, nir. James Hacket, Queen Ann's county. Md,

Should any other errors orormlfions be difcovcred in the above lill, th°; printer rcqueils to be inforriied of them, that they may be corrected in a future one.

THE

AMERICAN MUSEUM,

For J U L Y, 1789.

To the printer of the Amer. Mufeum^ SIR,

THE lolution of the following que- ries involving much valuable information, you will oblige many of your readers by giving them a place in your Mufeum. From the fpirit of enquiry and obfervation, which has lately extended itfelf through the united ftates, I flatter myfelf, anfwers will be obtained to them, through the medium of the fame channel, in which the queries are made.

Are there any fath which prove, that longevity and fruitfulnels teave been promoted, by emigration to America from European countries ?

Are there any fafts which prove, that there is a diminution of the iize of the human body, in fuccellive ge- nerations in America ?

What ages do horfes ufually attain in this country, under different kinds of treatment ? and what is the greateil age, any of them have been known to auain to ?

Are there any inllances, in which wheat, rye, oats, or barley, have been found wild in any parts of Ame- rica? or, are there any inilances of apples, peaches, or pear trees, bemg found wild in the woods? What arc the eftefts of cultivation upon the com- mon crab apple ?

Are there any inftances of the in- fluence of tranfplanting the whortle and blackberry into agarden, upon the i^uallty of ihofe fruits ? Has a wine of any kind ever been made from them, and if fo, what is its quality ?

Is population among the Indians, out of the fphere of the European fettlements, on the increafe, or the contrary? or is it ftationary ?

In a late number of the Mufeum, I faw a letter from Willam Penn, in London, requefting the loan of a fum of money from h;s friends in Penn- fylvania. Queie — Did ihey comply wuh that recmell ?

I have feveral times heard and read of doubts being fuggefled, whether Carver made the extenfive tour he has defcribed ; or whether his book be not compiled from thofe of Char« levoix, Hennepin, &c. 1 wilh feme of your correipondents would fo far gratify my curiofity, which I fuppofe fimilar to that of many of your rea- ders, as to inform me whether or no this point has ever beea fatisfaftoniy afccrtained ?

Adirefs of the governor and council of North Carolina^ to his exceileif cy general Wafhington.

To his excellency George Wafhington^ efq.prefident of the united Jlates, J> I R,

AMIDST the congratulations, which furround you from all quar- ters, we, the governor and council of the ifate of North Carolina, beg leave to offer ours, with equal fincerity and fervency, with any which can be pre- fented to you. Though this Hate be not yet a member of the union, under the new form of government, we look forward, with the pieafing hope of its fhortly becoming fuch ; and, in the mean time, confider ourfelves bound in a common intercfl and affettion, wilh the other ftates. waiting on I. v for the happy event of fuch alterations being propofed, as will remove the apprehen lions of many of the ^ood citizens of this Hate, for thofe liber- ties, for which they have fought and fuffered, in common with others ; This happy event, we doubt not, will be accelerated by your excellency's appointment to the firft office in the union ; fnice we are well affured, that the fame greatnefs of mind, which ia all fcenes has fo eminently charafter- ifed your excellency, will induce you to advife every meafure, calculated to compofe party divifions, and to abate any animofitv, that may be excited bv a mere difference in opinion; Your excellency will confider (how- ever others may forget) how extreme- ly difficult it is to unite all the people of a great country in one common J'enfiment, uv>on almoft any political liibjefl, much nioje upon a new form

24 Anfwer of the prcf dent of the U. S. to if, t addrcfsfrcm N. Carolina, [July,

alfo indicaiive of the good difpo- luions of the citizens of your fiate, towards their lilbr ftates, and of the probabihty of their Ipeedily acceding to the new general government.

In jultiHcaiion of the opinion, which you are pleafed to exprels, of my readmefs, " to advifc every mea- lure, calculated to coinpofe party di- vilionSj and to abate any ammofuy that miy bee>;cited by mere diBcrence of opinion, " 1 take the liberty of re- ferring you to the lentimetits commu- nicated by nie to the two houfes of coiigrefs. On this occafion, I arn lilcewife happy in being able to add the lliongett iiffurances, that 1 en- ttriam a well grounded expectation, thill nothing will be waniuig, on the part or" tiie ddfcrent branches of the general government, to render the union "as perfect, and more late, than ever it has been."

A difference of opinion, on poli- tical points, is not to be imputed to freemen, as a fault ; fincc it ts to be prelumed, that they are all attuated- by an equally laudable and facred re- gard for the liberties of their coun- try. If the mind is lo formed in dif- ferent perlons, as to conlider the fame object to be (omewhat ditterent in its nature and coniequence', as tt hap- pens to be placed in different points of view ; and if the oldell, the ableft, and the mofl virtuous Itatelmen have often differed in judgment, as to the bed forms of government — we ought, indeed, ra:her to rejoice, that fo much has been rffected, than to regret, that more could not, all at once, be ac- complifhed.

Gratified by the favourable fenti- meni*, which are evinced in your ad- drefs to me, and impreffed with an idea, that the citizens of your ftate are finterely attached to the intereff, the prolp.'rity and the glory of America, I inofl earneflly implore the divine be- nediction and guidance, in the coun- cils, which are fhortly to be taken by their delegate;, on a fiibjed of the moft momentous confcqucnce, I mean the political relation, wh ch is to fub- fift hereafter between the ftate of North Carolina, and the ilates now in union under the new general go- vernment.

G. Washington.

Hlxu York, June ig, 1789/

of government, materially different fioui one they have been accuitomed to ; and will therettire rather be ddpof- to rejoice, that lo much lias been ef- fected, than regret, that more could not all at once accompliihed. "VVe lincerely believe, America is the only country m the world, where luch a deliberate change of government could lake place, under any circumlUnces whatever.

We hope, your excellency w-ill pardon the liberty we take, in writing io particularly on this fubjeci : but this fiate, however it may differ in a- ny political opinions from the other Itaies, cordaliy joins with them, in ien- Imients of iheutmoll gratitude and ve- neration, for thofe diJtingudhed ta- lents, and thatilhillrious virtue, which ve i<iA apr;de in faying we believe, un- der God, have been theprincipal means of preferving the liberty, and procur- ing the independence of your country. We cannot help confidering you, fir, in lome meafure, as the father of it ; and hope to experience the good ef- fect of that confidence you lo juflly have acquired, in an abatement of the praty fpirit, which fo much endangers a union, on which the fafeiy and hap- oinefs of America can alone be found- ed. May iha't union, at a fhoit dil- tance of time, b-^ as perfect, and more fafe than ever ! and in the mean while, may the fiate of North Caro- lina be confidered, as it truly dcferves lo be, attached, with equal warmth with any fiate in the union, to the true intcrcil, prolperity, and glory of America, differing only, in fome par- ticulars, in opinion, as to the means of promoting them !

SAMUEL JOHNSTON. Bjr order and on behalf of the council^ JAIVIES IREDEL, prefdcnt. By order. William J. Dawson,

Clerk council. May 10, 1789.

ANSWER.

Gentlemen,

IT was fcarcely pofTible for any ad- dieCs to have given me greater pleafiire, than that which I have juft received from you : becaufe I confi- der it not only demonflrative of your approbation of my condutf in accept- ing the lirft effice in the union, but

1789.

Account of the climate of Pennfylvaniak

«5

Account of the climate of Pennfylva- nia, and its influence upon the hu- man body. From tncdical enqui- ries and obfrvations. — By Benja- min Rufk^ M. D. frofefjor of che- niflry in the uni-Oerfty of Penn- fylvania. — Printed and Jold by Prichard and Hall.

THE Itaie of Pennfylvania lies between 39° 43' 25" and 42 ° north latitude, including, oFccurfe, 2 ° 16' 35", equal to 157 miles, from its fouctiern to its northern boundary. The weftern extremity of rhe (lace is in the longitude of 5 ° 23' 40", and the eallern, in that of 27' tVom the meridian of Philadelphia, compre- hending, in a due vvell courfe, 311 riiiles, exclufive of the territory lately purchafed by Pennfylvania from the united Hates, of which, as vet, no accurate furveys have been obtained. The llatc is bounded on the fouth by part of the (late of Delaware, by the whole ftate of Maryland, and by Vir- ginia to her weltern extremity. The kit named ftate, the territory lately ceded to Connefticut, and Lake Erie, (part of which is included in Pcnni^ylvaniaj form the wcrtern and north-vv'eflern boundaries of (he IJate. Part of the (late of New York, and the territory lately ceded to Pennfyl- vania, with a part of Lake Erie, coni- pofe the northern, and another part of New- York, wiih a large extent of New Jerfey (feparaled from F-ennfyl- vania by the river Delaware) roin- pofe the eallern boundaries of the liate. The lands, which form thefe boundaries (except a part of ihe Hates of Delaware, Maryland, and New Jerf?y) are in a Hate of nature. A large tract of the weltern, and north- eallern parts of Pennfylvania, is near- ly in the fame uncultivated lituation.

*The Hate of Pennfylvania is interfer- ed and diverlified with numerous rivers and mountains. Todefcribe,oreven to eiuimerate them all, would far exceed the limits J have propofed to this ac- count of our climai'e. It will be fuf- ficient only to remark, that one of thefe rivers, viz. the tpufquchannah, begins at the northern boundary of the Hate, twelve miles from the river Delaware, and winding feveral hun- dred miles through a variegated coun- try, enters the Hate of Maryland on the fouthern line, fifiv-eight axles Vol. VI,

weHward of Philadelphia ; that each of thefe rivers is lupplicd hy Pume« rous (treains of various fizes ; tbv.t tides flow in uarts of two of tliein, viz. in the Delaware and Schuylkill ; that the reil rife andLll alternately in wet and dry weather ; and that they Je- fcend w'th great rapidity, over promi- nent bedsof rocks in many places, until they empty themfelves into the bays of Delaware and Chefapeak on ths eaH. and into the Ohio on the weileru parts of the tlate.

The mountains form a conHueralile part of the Hate of Pennfylva lia. Many of them appear to be refcrved, as perpeiual marks of the orig nal tin- pire of nature in this country. The Allegany, which croffes the Hate a- bout two hundred miles from Phila- delphia, in a north, inclining to an eaH courfe, is the moft conhdcrafcie and extend ve of thefe mounlans. It is called by the Indians, the backbore of the coniin^nt. Its heiijht, in dif- ferent places, is fuppofed to be about one thoulaiid three hundied feet from the adjacent plains*.

The loil of Pennfylvania is diver- fified, by its vicinity to mountains and rivers. The vallies and botioins con- fift of a black mould, which extendi from a font to four feet in riepih, Bui, in general, a deep clay forms ihe fur- face of the earth. Im.nenfe beds of limeHone lie beneath this clay, in ma- ny parts of the Hate. This account of the (oil of Penn'.ylvania i«; confin- ed wholly to the lands on the eaH fids ofth- Alletrany mountain. The foil, on the weH hde of this irjontTtaiii, fliall he defcribed in anothc^r pi.ice.

The city of Ph ladclphia lies in ihc latitude of 35 ° 57', in longitude 75 ° 8' from Greanwich, and fifty- hve miles weft from the Atlantic Ocean.

It IS fituaied about four miles due- north from the conOux of ihe rivers Delaware and Schuylkill. Ihe build- ings, which coniift chiefly of brick,

NOTE.

* The author is happy in being a- ble to inform the public, that a cor- reft view of thefe mountains and ri- vers, with their heights, d' dances, and courfes, will be publifhcd in a few months by mr, Read:ng Howell, of tlie city of PhiUdelph.a. iii a Lr^e map oi Petinf) Ivan a. D

ti

Account of the clinate of Pennjyivanh

[J-al/,

extcncl nearly three miles, north ,aail fouth, along the Delaware, and aliove half a mile, due well, towards the Schuylkill, to which river the li- mits of liie city extend ; the whole including a diHance of two miles from the Delaware. The land near the rivers, between the city and the con- flux of the rivers, is, in general, low, inoif},and fubjeittobeovcifiowcd.'l he greatelt part of it is meadow ground. The land to the northward and welf- Vfardj in the vicinity of the city, is high, and, in general, well cultivated. Before the year 1778, the ground be- tween the prefent improvements of ihe city, and the raer Schuylkill, was covered with wood«. Thele, to- gether with large traMs of wood to inc iiorihward of the city, were cut dc»wn durm.t; 1 he winter that ihe Britilh armv had p ifTeJhon of Philadelphia. I fii:ili hereafter mention the inHuence, which ihe cutting down of thefe woods, and the lublequent cultivation of (he grounds in ihe neighbourhood of the city, have had upon the health of u< inhabitants.

The mean height nf the ground, Hpon which the city- Hands, is about forty feet above the river Delaware. One of , the longed and moH pv)pulous directs in the city, rifcs only a few feet above the river. The air is much purer at the iiorih, than at the louih end of theciiy ; hcnte the lamps ex- hibit a fainter flame in us foiuhein than in its northern pans.

1 he tide of the Delaware fcldom rlfcs more than lix feet. It flows four mlesan hour. The widih of the river, near the city, is about a mile.

The ciiy, with the ad o 'tnig dif- Iritts of houthwark and the Nor- thern Liberties, contains between forty and Hfty ihonlaud inhahuants.

From t'he arcouius, which have been handed down to us by our anceftovs, there is rcafon to heheve, that the clivnaie oi Pennfylvania has under- gone a material change. Thunder and tighining are Lis fref;aenr ; the cold of our winters, and (he heat of our fuminer^, are lefs uniform, than thev were forty or hfty yeais aso. Nor is this all : (he (prings are much colder, and rhe aunimns more temperate, than formerly, infomiich that caitle arc nut houfed lo foon, by one month, as tiiey vvrr*" iw former yi;ars. VvuUui

the laft eight years, there have been exceptions to pan of thele oblerva- tions. Ihe winter of the year 1779 — 80, was nniiormly and uncommonly cold. Ihe river Delaware was fro- zen near three months, during this winter; and public roads, for wag- gons and ileighs, connetted the ciiy of Philadelphia , in many places, with the Jcrley Ihore. The thicknefs of the ice in the river, near the ciiy, was from hxteen to nineteen inches ; and the depth of the froft in the ground was from four to five feet, according to the expofure of the ground and the quality of the foil. '1 his extraordi- nary depth of the frotl in the earth, compared wnh its depth in more nor- thern and colder countries, is occa- fioned by the long delay of fnow, which leaves the eanh without a co- vering, during the lall autumnal and the hfil winter months. Many planrs were deUroyed by the intenfenefs of the cold, during that winter. The ears of horned cattle, and the feet of hv)gs expoted to the air, were frofl- bmen ; Iqiurrels perilLed in their holes, and pircridges werei^ften found dead 111 the neighbourhood of farm- houle";. In January, the mercury flood for fcveval hours at 5 ° below o, m Farenheir's thermoineicr ; anddui- ing the whole of this month, (except on one dav) it never role, in the city of Philadi-lphia, to the freezing point. The Cjld, in t'le winter of the year 1783 — 4, wasasuitenle, but not lo Hea- dy as it was in the wint( rthat has been delcnbed. It dilfered from it materi- ally in one particular, viz. there was a thaw in the month of January, which opened all our rivers for a few days.

Ihe fummer, which liicceeded the winter of 1779—80, was uniformly warm. The mercury m the thermo- meter during ihis fummer, Hood on one day, the i5;h of AuguH, at 95 ° , and fluctuated between 93 ° and «o " for many weeks. The thermometer, in every reference, that has been, or ftiall he made to it, llocjd in the fliade in the open air.

I know, it has been faid by many old pt uplr, that the winters in Penn- fylvania are lefs cold, and the fum- mers leL warm, than they were forty or hfty years ago. The want of ihernKJinetrical oblervations, be- fore and during ihofc years, readers it

1789.] Letter reffeRing the fortrfcations inthe zacjlern country.

t?

difficult to deride this qwftion. Pcrtiap^i the difference of clothing and fenfation between yoiiih and old pge, in winter and (LimmcT, may have laid the foundation o-f ihis opinion. I fiifpeth the mean teniperature of the air in Peiinfylvania has not altered ; Vnit that the principal change in our climate confifls in the heat and cold b-'ing lef-i confined, than formerly, to their natural feafon^. I adopt the opinion of dr. Williamfon*, refpect- ing the diminution of the cold in the foutbern, being occafioned by thecui- tivation of the northern parts of Eu- rope ; hut no fiirh cultivation has taken place m the countries, which lie to the north- well of Pennfylvama ; nor do the partial and imperfert im- provements, which have been made in the northwcft-parts of the Hate, ap- pear to be fufficient to lefTen the cold, even in the city of Philadelphia^ I have been able to collefcl no facts, which difpofe me to believe, that the winters were colder before the year 1740, than they have b"en fince. In ihe m Mnorah'Ie winter nf ly-jf) — 40, the Delaware wa^ croifcd on the ice in Uetghs, on the ,5th of March, old llyte, and did not open lill the 13th of the fame month. 1 he ground was covered, during this winter, with a deep fnow ; and the rays <if the fun were conftanMy obfcured hy a mili, which hung in the upper regions of the air. In the winter of 1779 — 80, the nver was navigable on the ^ih of March ; the depth of the fnow was moderate, and the gloommefs of the rold was fometimes fiifpended, for a few ddvs, by a cheerful fun. From thefe fafts, it is probable, the winter of 1739 — 40, was co*lder thau the Winter of 1779 — 80.

Having premiled thefe general re- marks, I proceed to oblerve, that there are (eldom more than twenty or thirty davs. m fummer or winter, in Pennfvlvyn a. in which the mer- ciirv rifcs above 80 -^^ in the former, or fall below 30® in the latter fea- fon. Some old people have remark- ed, that the number of extremely cold ai^d warm days, in iuccelfive iummers and Winters, bears an exafet prupor-

♦ American Philofophica^ Tranf- actioiis, voL i.

tion to- each other. This was ftricl- ly true in the years 1787 and 1788.

The warmeU part of theday in fum- mer IS at two o'clock, inordinary, and at three in the afternoon, in extreme- ly warm weather. From thefe hours, the heat gradually dimmilhes till ths enfuing morning. The cooled part of the four and-twenty hours is at the break of day. There are (eldom more than three or four nights in a fummer, in which the heat of the air is neaily tihe fame, as in the preceding dav. After the warmeft days, the evenings are generally agreeable, and often dc- lighifil. The higher the mercury- riles in theday time, ihc lower it falls the fiicceeding night. Th'' mercury froniSo ° generally falls to 68; while X delcends, when at 00 ° , only to 56 ® . This difprnportiou between the tem- perature of the day and nighi, in fimi- rcer, is always giedielt in the monih of Auguft. The dews, at this time, are heavy, in proportion to the cool- nefs of the evemng. They a<"e fome- times fo confiderable, as to wet the clothes; and there are inllances, in which marfe-meftdows.and even creeks which have been dry during the fum- mer, have 'been fuppiied with their ufiial waters, from no other foiirce rha-n the dews which have fallen in this month, c,r in the firft weeks of Stp- temher.

There is another circumflance con- nefted with the one ju!l mentiotied, which contributes very much to miiigafc the heat of fummer ; and that is, it ft*ldom continues more than two or three days, without being fucceeded by (howers of rain, accompanied fometimes by thunder and lightning, and aftarwards by a Horth-weft wind, which produces a coolnels in the ar, that is highly invigorating and agree- ahle^ \^'fo be continue d.~\

••<►• <S; <»><S> ••<>•• Correfpondrnce between Noah Web- Jicr, cfq. avd the rev. Ezra Stilis,

D. D. prefident of ¥aie college,

v'/peQing the /'ortificatiom in the

wjlern couvtry.

I. \: TIER I .

From Noah Wehjfer. efq. ta the rev-, Ezra StUes, D. D. Philadelphia., 061. 22, 1787. FevereJid Jir,

YOU will recoiled that, when I came to Philadelphia, lall win-

?.s

Letter refpeEiing ihr fortijiealiens in the wejlern country. [July,

ter, you wrote to dr. Franklin, re- qucRing his opinion of the tortihcati- ons, which have been difcovered in Kentucky and Mufkingiini, and par- ticularly defcnbed by general.Parlons and others, who have travelled into that country. The do51or could give no certain account of the time when tncy were raifed, or bv what nation ; hut mentioned the celebrated expedi- tion of Ferdinand de Soto, who pe- netrated into that couniry as early as ihe middle of the fixteeiuh century, in fearch of gold mines ; and thought it probable, the forts might have been erifted by this commander, to fecure bi'' troops from the favages. The doctor's mind is a rich treafurc of knowledge ; but although he retained the principal fafls refpecling the ex- pedition, yet he could not recoiled, in what colleftion of voyages he had found the account. I took pams to examine feveral colleSions in his li- brary, but without effcft.

A few days ago, I was in a book- *£ore in this city, and accideiually laid my hands upon a {uiali ouarto vo- lume, entitled the hiltory of Florida, compiled by mr. Wiiiiam Rober;s. Il gave rnc much pk-afure and fir- pnie, on opening the book, to fee the name of Fcrdm?,ad de Soto. I immediately procured the book, in fiypectation of fatisfying myfelf, re- fpeiT:ing the original conlirutnon of th- fortifications wellof the Allegany, Tvhu h have caufeo io much fpeculat ion itPiong the curiou'-,. Th s work, con- tains a particuUr account of Ferdi- nand'.^ expedition into Florida, which I have read with fume attention. But I find it very difficult to determine, bv this account, and the maps that a ■company the work, how far he pe- uei rated into ihe'countrv. or in what particular places he wintered ; for ve- rv few of the name^ of rivers and In- dian towns, here mentioned, are ntcd i;i modi-rn times, in defcril/ing this p fvi of ilie couniry. I will, however, •ibridte the account, and fuhmii it to your fupcrior knowledge cf the geo- graphy of that quar:er of America, ro ♦k'lermine, where the plai es njcntum- fd are htuaied. and how far I'V-rdi- natiil HinU havf? travelled from the g\.\\{ of {' iorida.

Fer.dinand de S"to had ferv^^d nn- jier Francis Fizjuo, lii hi? conqueA

of Peru. His good condufl recom- mended him to the emperor Charles V. who conferred on him the go- vernment of Cuba, with the rank of genera! i/f -Florida, and marquis of the lands m ir, which he fliould con- quer. He (a led from the Havanna, on the i2ih of May, 1539, with nine velTels, three hundred and fifty horfe and nine hundred foot. On the 25th he anchored in the bay of Spiritu Santo. The troops were landed, and Ferdi- nand began to march in quell of gold mines, the principal objecl of all the Sanifli expeditions to the new world. Fla diretted his courfe firft to the pro- vince of Paracoxi, a powerful Indiar\ chief, which is faid to be thirty leagues diftant ; but the courfe is not mentioned. He then went to Cale, which is faid to be weftward, but the diltance is not noticed. On his way, he palfed a rapid river, but its name is not mentioned. It is faid that, feven leagues beyond Cale, is Palache, a pro- vince abounding in maize. Ferdinand left Cale, on the 11th of Augull, foi' Palsrhe, which I take to be a river, that falK info the gulf of Mexic6, on the north eaft, afcout fifty mile? from the great river, now called Apalachi- Cola, and (as it is laid down on th^ map before me) about one hundred and eighty miles from the bay of Spi- ritu Santo, where Ferdinand firft landed. So far his march feeins well afcertained. On his way from Cale, he pafled through feveral Indian fet- tleinenls, viz. Hara, Potano, Utima- ma, Malapaz, Cholupnba, and then through a defart of two days journey, to Coliqucn. This muft have beeu in the large province of Palache, whuh takes its name from the nver. and from which the foiithern part of the Allegany mountains takes it« na'ne, Apalachian.

Ferdinand Hayed at Cpliqucn fom« time, and colletted the troops which were left behind. On the io(\\ of September he marched, and in five days arrived at Napetaca. 1 he courfe is not mentioned ; but it is moft like- ly to be northward. From Napctac^ he marched to Uzachii, and thence, in two days, to Axille. Here he paff- e.l a nver, and arrived at Vitachuco, which is faid to he tn the province of Palache. This province is faid to be fciuie and well peopl-dj iioi!,fe.s aofi

J 789.] Letter rrf piling the /ortificdttoni in the zoijurn covntry.

«9

villages appearing on every fide. By the [ime fpeiit in marching, one would fufpett, that Ferdinand muft hd\'c. by this time penetraied far into the cuuniry. Yet the account fays, he was but ten leagues from the fea : which, fuppofing it to be on the river Palachc, could not be more than two hundred or two hundred aad nfty miles from Spiritu Santo. Another circumftance corroborates this con- jeciure ; Ferdinand dilpatched a body of horfe to Spiruu Santa, with orders for the party left there, to join him at Palache. i. he horfcmen arrived in fix days, which, at forty miles a day, will make the diRance, two hundred and forty miles.

The party, upon this order, left Spiniu Santo, and coading alonjJ, arrived at Palache bay on the 2.5ih of December. Ferdinand difpatched Ivlaldonado to reconnoitre the coun- Iry weilward : he went to Ochiiie, li.\ty leagues from Palache, and re- turned with a favourable account of tlie country. Ferdinand then difpatch- ed M»i»lonado with the fleet to the Havanna, for a fupply of wailike implements. On the information of an Indian, that the country Yupaha, to the eaRward, abounded in gold, Ferdinand left Palache on the 3d of March 1540, palled throuj^h Capachi- ^ui, and arrived aj ioalli. On the »3d, he proceeded through Achefe and Altaraca to Ocuta, wheir the caffique, or chief, furniriied him with four hundred Indians for fervicc. He left Ocuta, on the i2ih of April, and proceeded to Cofaqui and to Pa- tofo. Not finding the gold mines which he expetted, Ferdinand was embarralli'd ; but being informed, that to the northweft lay a fertile, \veil peopled province, called Coca, he changed his route, and encounter- ing all difficulties, he proceeded to Aymay and Catafachiqui. Here he was told, that, at the diRance of twelve days iournev, lay the pro- vmce of Chiarha, which, by its d'i- tance and direttioa, w-ih the anal^i^y of names, I am inclined to believe, •was iome part of the tountry of the ChaHaws or Chikalaws, • Iliihcr Ferdinand determined to march, ihe d ftaiue from Ocuta to C'aiafathiqui IS faid to he one hundred and tJiiriy Dfiiies ; from the latter to Xi;alli,

two hundred and fifty miles of moun- tainous country. This diRance, reck- oning from ihe river A palache north weR, will bring Ferdinand into the Chikafaw country, to the northward of the upper Creeks. The town of Chidca is laid to be fituaied at the forks of a river. Here the army re- pofed for fouie time ; and Ferdinand was told, that, to the northward of this, lay the country of Chifca which abounded in ore. He marched for Chlfca and a/nved ar AcoRa on the leih of July. He palled through Tali and Cofa, Tallimuchule and Itava; at the laR place he was detained by the overilpwu'g of a river; then pro- ceeded to UUibail:, Toafi, Tallife, Tafcaliica, Piacha, and Maville, where he had a fevere engagement with the natives. Here he heard that Maidonado had arrived at Ochufc with the fleet from the Havanna; but he determined not to return, till he led his army into fome neb country, where they might be reward- ed for their toil and danger. He then marched to Pafallaya, and thence pro- ceed to Chicaca, where he wintered. In April 1541, he lefc Chicaca, and palled feven days journey to Quizqiiiz, and then advanced to Rio Grande. This is undoubtedly the MiffiHippi, as It is defcribed to be one and a half mile wide, very deep and rapid. Boats were conftrutted, and the army crolTcd into Quixo. Ferdinand marched to Pacaha, through Cafqui ; and was obliged, on his way, to crofs an arin of the great river ; he arrived at Pacaha in June. He then proceed- ed loufhward, ro a great province called Quigate, then to Coligoa, Pa- lifemu, Taf?.licoya and Cayas, to the province of Tnlla, then to the province Autiamque, eighty lea<',ueS ioiithc-aftward, where he wintered.

He Icf; A^utiarrqiie in March 154"!, and proceeded to Nilco, a fertile and populous countiy, on the banks of a great riyer. Tli s is the fame rivcT, that waters Cayas and Autiamque ; it ilows into a larger river, that waters Pacaha and Aquixo : their junciipa linear Guachaya. Ihe great nvec is called at this place, Tamalifeu ; at Nilco, I'apatu ; at Cofa, Mico. and at the fea, Ri. ~

Ferdinnnd dird'of a fever at Gua^- tiioy.!. aficv hav:D^ nominated Lewis

^o

CJ tompUxion and figure

[July,

Mafcofo to fucc-eed him. Soon after his death, Lewis attempted to travel by land fouth-weft to Mexico ; ha iiKirched one hundred and fifty leagues welt of the great nver, but meeting wuh infuperable obftacles, the army returned to Nilco, at fome diftance from which was the town Minoya, where the Spaniards determined to build themfelves fome veiTcIs, and fail out of the river, for Mexico. Seven veflT-Is were finilhed m June, and the rifmg of the water carried them off the ftocks into the river. The army eiribarkeil, July sd, 1543 ; arrived at the mouth of the river on the 16 h ; on the 18th proceeded to fea, and, after a paffags of fitty-two days, arrived in the river Panico, on the Mexican coalt, having endured every fatigue, and loft half their number of men.

This account is very imperfect, and, in fome inflances, contradictory, as it Hands in the hiflory ; the courfe, and dirtance of places, are not always mentioned, and the dates of events are vifholly irreconcileable.

Thefc circumftances, however, do not prove, that there never was fuch an expedition ; they only prove, that the original writers or tranfcribers have been negligent.

The truth ot the expedition is un- ^ueRionable ; and, on this fatt, I have only to make the following ra- marks.

^S{. That Ferdinand, with an army of one thoufand or twelve hundred men, wintered two ficcefTive years in the country called Florida, or be- tween the gulf of Mexico and the lakes on the eall of MifTiffippi ; the fird wini'^r he palFed near the gulf, and the fecond at a great diftance to the northward*.

ad. That the remains of the forti- fications, as they are defcribed, are fcartered in difFtrent parts of the country, and are {>f a fize or extent, for fecuring and accommodating that number of ni-en.

3d. The grear river, mentioned in the relation, muft be the Miihlfippi,

K o T F, .

* " From the mouth of the MiffiT- /ipp', to the Ob'o, is about a thoufand Tn'l°- by vvater, and ijut five hiifdred by laiid." Ji:iycil<jii.

which is def*p and rapid, and from one and a quarter, to a mile and a half wide.

4th. Ferdinand muO have been fe- veral hundred miles from the fea ; for his troops ware fourteen days na- vigating the river, from the place where the veffels were conllructed, 10 the mouth.

5th. In the original, mention is feveral times made of falr-lpnngs, which abound not only in Rentutke, but in Mufk ngum, and on the well of the MiHilfippi.

6th. It is laid th?t feveral very large trees are grown out of the brcaftworks ; this proves the antiquity of them ; and Ferdinand's expedition was two hundred and forty-feven years ago, — a length of time, in whichtrees will grow to any fize.

If this arrount can g've any fat's- faftion to you or to other enquirers, it will gratify the wifh(="s of.

Rev. fir, your moll obedient, and very humble fevant,

NOAH WEBSTER.

(Letter II. in our next.)

An ejfay on the caufes of the variety of complexion and figure in the human f pedes.. Touihich are added, firitlurei on lord Kai?ns's dijcourje^ on the original divrrfity of man- kind. By the reverend Samurt Stan/iope Smith, D. D. vice-prefi- drnt, and profcffor ef moral phi- lofophy, in the college of New Jer^ fey ; and M. A. P. S.

IN the hiftory and pliilofophy of human nature, one o! thfe firit ob- jetls that llrikes an obferver. is the variety of complexion, and of figure, among mankind. To alhgn the cauies of this phenomenon, has been fre- quently a fubject of curious (pecula- tion. Many philofophers have re- folved the difficulties, with which this enquiry is attended, by having re- courfe to the arbitrary hvp'^thelis, ihat men are ongmallv fpriin^ from dille- rent ftock-;, and are, therefore, divid- ed bv nauire into diiff-rent fpccies. But a' we are not at liberty to make this fuppontion, fo I hold it to be im- p'uloloph'cal to recur to hypothehs, when the whole clicCt tudy, on pro-

1799.]

in t/if human /pedes.

31

fer inveftigation, be accounted for, y the ordinary laws of naiure*. On this difcuirioii I am now about to enter ; and fliall probably unfold, in Its progreh, fome principles, the full ui)p(»riance ot wh:ch will not be obvious, at firft view, to ihofe who have not been accuftomtd to obferve the operations of naiure, with minute and careful auention — principles, how- ever, which, experience leads me 10 believe, will acquire additional evi- dence from tune and obicrvation.

Of the cauies of thefe varieties a- hiong mankind, I liiall iiai under the htad^ —

I. Of climate.

II. Of the flate of fociety.

In treating this fubject, I Ihall not efpoufe any pecuhar iyilem of medi- cal principles, which, in the continu- al revolutions of opinion, might be in hazard of being hereafter dilcardcd. I Ihall, as much as pofTible, avoid ufing terms oi art ; or attempting to expLun thi manner of operation of the i'aifes, where diverfify of opinion a- mong phyiicians has left the iubjecl in doubt.

And, in the beginning, permit me to make one general remark, which mult wiicn have occurred to every judicious enquirer into the pov/ers both of mo- ral and of phyfical caufes— that every permanent and charaderlfiic variety m human nature, is eftected by flow and ahnod imperceptible gradations. I J real and fudden cjiange"! are too vi- olent for the delicate confiitution of man, and always tend to dcilroy the fyftem. But changes, that become incorporated, and that form a char- ader of a climate or a nation, are pro- grelTively carried on through feveral generations, till the caufes, that pro- duce them, have attained their utmolt

N o T £.

* It is no fmall objeftion to this hypothefis, that thefe fpecies can ne- ver be ai'certained. We have no means of dillir>guiihing, how many v/ere originally formed, or where any of tiieui are now to be found. And they mull have been longfmcefo mixed by the migrations of mankind, that the proper; ies of each fpecies can never be deiermiiied. Belidss, this fuppo- fuion unavoidably conf)unds the whole philufopliy of human nature.

operation. In this way, the m'nuteft caufes, afting conftantly, and long continued, will necefianly create great and confpicuous ditterences among mankind,

I. Of the firft clafs of caufes I fiiall treat, under the head of climate.

In tracing the globe from the pole to the equator, we obferve a gradation in the complexion, nearly in propor- tion to the latitude of the country. Immediately below the arctic circle, a high and fanguioe colour prevails. From this, you defcend to the mixture of rad in white; afterwards fuccced the brown, the olive, the tawny, and, at length, the black, as you proceed to the line. The fame diftance from the fun, however, does not, in every region, indicate the fame tempera- ture of climate. Some fecondary caufes mult be taken into confidera- tion, as correcting and limiting its in- fluence. The elevation of the land — its vicinity to the lea — .he nature of the foil — the ilate of cultivation — the courfeof winds — and many other cir- cumllances — enter into this view. Ele- vated and mountainous countries are cool, in proportion to their altitude a- bove the level of the fea — vicimty to the ocean produces oppofite effects, in northern and foiuhern latitudes ; for the ocean, being of a more equal temperature than the land, in one cafe, corretts the co'd, in the other, mo- derates the heat. Ranges of niauu- tauis, fuch as the Appenninesin Iialy, and Taurus, Caucdfus, and I mans in Ailia, by interrupting the courfe of cold winds, render the p.rotetffd countries below them warmer, and the countries above them colder, than is equivalent to the proportional ditie- rence of latitude. The frigid zcme in Alia is much wider, rtian it is in Europe; and that continent hardlv knows a temperate zone. From the northern cctan to Ca';cafus, fays Montefquieu, Afia msy be considered as a fiat mountain, I'hcnce, to the ocean that wafhes Perlia and India, ills a low and level country, wuhout feas, and pro ectL-d by this iinmenfe range of hills from the polar winds. The Afiatic is, therefore, warmer than the European continent, btlow the fortieth degree of latitude; and, above that latitude, it is much more cold. Clim^ie j' v rt-ic-.-tcs fonit dif-

3*

Of complexion and figure

[>Jy.

ference from tHe nature of the foil ; and fome from the degree of cultiva- tion, band IS fa-lceptible of greater heat than clay ; aad an uncultivated region, fhadcd wuli fore (Is, and cover- ed v;iih undraineJ marllies, is rmire frigid la northern, and more temperate in fouthern latitudes, than a country laid open to the direct and conftant adion of the fun. Hiftory informs us, that, when Germany and Scythia were buried in forelb, the Romans often traniported iheir armies acrofi the frozen Danube ; but, fince the ci- vilization of thofe barbarous regions, the Danube rarely freezes. Many o- iher circumRances might be eiuime- irated, which modify the influence or climate. Thefe will be fufficicnt to give a general idea of the fubjett : and by the intelligent reader t!acy may be cafily extended, and applied to the ftate of particular countries. ~

From the preceding obfervations we derive ih'<; conclufion, that there is a general ratio of heat and cold, which forms what vi;e call climate, awd a general refemblance of riatiotis, according to the latitude from the e- qiiator — fuhjett, however, to innu- metable varieties, from th'» innnlre combinations of the circuinflances I have fuggcfled. After having exhi- bited the general effe'il, I (hall take up the capital deviations from it, that are found in the world, and endea- vour t,> Qi'^w that they na'urally re- fiilt from certain concurrences of ihcle modifying caufes.

0.ir expe'nence verifies the power of clirriate on the complexion, 'ihe heat of f inimer darkens the flim, the cold of winter chafes it, and excites a fangume colour. Thefe alternate ef- fetts, in the temperate zone, tend in fome degree to correfl each other. But when heat or cold predominates in any region, it impreflcs, in the fame proportion, a permanent and charac- teriiticai ct>mplexion. The degree, in wh'Ch it predominates, may be con- Cdercd as a conflant caufe, to the action ef which the human body is expofed. This caufe will atfecf the nerves, by tcntion or relaxation, by diL^iatioii or contraction — it wdl affect the fliiicis, by increafing or Icffi^ning the pcrlpi- ration, and hy altering the proportions of all the fccretions— it will peculiarly kiicct the ikin, by the immediate ope-

ration cf iheatmofpherc — of the fun's rays-^-or of the principle of cold, up- on its delicate texture. Every len- fible difference in the degree of the caufe, will create a vifible change in the human body. To fuggell at prefent a fingle example — a cold and piercing air chai'"es the countenance and exalts the complexion — an air that is warm and milty, relaxes the conftitution, and gives, efprcially in valetudina- rians, fome tendency to a bilious hue. Thefe elFeds are tranfient, and inter- changeable, in countries where heat and cold alternately fucceed in nearly equal propor;ions. But when the climate couilantly repeats the one or the other of thefe cfFetts in any degree, then, in proportion, an habitual co- lour begins to be formed. Colour and figure may be ffyled habits of the body. Like other habits, they are created not by great and fuddeii im- prellions, but by continual ind almofl imperceptible touches. Of habits, both of mind and body, nations are fufceptible, as well as individuals. They are iranfmitted to their oS- fpring, and augmented by inheritance. Long in growing to maturity, nation- al features, like national manners, he- come fixed, only after a fucceflion of ages. I'hey become, however, fixed at lift. And if we can afcertain any elfetf, produced by a given ffate ef weather or of cl'.male, it requires on^ ly repetition during a fufficient length of time, to augment and impre{s it with a permanent charatler. The fanguine countenance will, for this reafon, be p"rpetual in the highefl la- titudes of the temperate zone ; and we fhall forever find the fwarthy, the olive, the tawny, and the black, as we defcend to the foiith.

'i'iie uniformity of the effect in the fam? climate, and on men in a fimilar flate of fociety, proves the power and certainty of the caufe. If the advo- cates of different human fpecies fjp- pofe that the beneficent Deity created the inhaSiiants of the earth of diffe- rent colours, becaiife thefe colours are beff adapted to their refpetfive zones, It furely places his benevolence in a more advantageous light, to fay, he has given to human nature the pow- er of accommodating itlclf to every lont. This pliancy of nature is fa- vourable to the unions of the moll

1789.]

in the human fpecies^

S3

diftant nations, and facilitates ;he ac- quifition and the extenfion of icience, which would oiherwife be confined to few objects, and to a very limited finge. It opens the way parfictilarly to the knowledge of the globe which we inhabit — a fubje^t fo important and interelting to man. It is verified by experience. Mankind are forever changing their habitations, by con- quell or by commerce. And we find them, in all climates, not only able to endure the change, but fo alfimilated by lime, that we cannot fay with cer- tainty, v.hofe anceflor was the native of the clime, and whofe the intruding foreigner.

I will hpre prnpofe a few principles on the change of colour, that are not liable to difpute, and that may tend to Ihed foine light on this fubjett.

In the beginning, it may be proper to obfervc, that the fkin, though ex- tieniely delicate, and eafily fulcepti- Meof imprellion from external cauies, IS, from us llrufture, among the lealt mutable pans of the body*. Change of complexion does for this reafon continue lon^, from whatever caufe it may have arifen. And if the cauCes of colour have deeply penetrated the texture of the flcin, it becomes per- petual. Figures, therefore, that are ilained with paints inferted by punc- tures made in us furface, can never be effaced f. An ardent fun is able entirely to penetrate iis texture. Even in our climate, the {km, when firll

NOTES.

* Anatomifls inform us, that, like the bones, it has few or no veifels, and therefore is not liable to thofe changes of augmentation or diminu- tion, and continual alteration of parts, to which ihe flefh, the blood, and the whole vafcular fyflem is fubjerl.

+ It is well known, what a length of time is required to etiace the freckles, contracted in a fair fkm, by the expofiireof afingle day. Freckles are feeu of allftiades of colour. They are known to be created by the fun ; and become indelible by time. The fun has power equally to change every part of the fkin, when equally expof- ed to its aflion. And it is, not im- properly, obferved by fomc^ writers, that colour mav be juilly confidered as an univetfa! ffeckie.

Vol. VI.

expofed to the dire£l and conriniiej atlion of the folar ra\s, is inflamed into bliflers, and fcorched through its whole fubiiance. Such an operation not only changes iis colour, but in- creafes iis thicknefs. The ftlmulus of heat cxciiing a greater flux of hu- mours to the Ik in, tends to incradata its fubiiance. till it becomes denfe enough to reiift the attion of the ex- citing caufe :!:. On the fame principle, fnciion excites bliflers in the hand of the labourer, and thickens the fkin, till it becomes able to endure the con- tinued operation of his inflrumcnt-s. The face or the hand, expofed unco- vered during an entire fummer, con- tra8s a colour of the darkefl brown. In a torrid clmate, where the inha- bitants are naked, the colour will be as much deeper, as the ardor of the fun IS more coidlant and more intenfe. And if we compare tlie dark hue. that, among us, is lomeumes formed by continual expofure, wiih the colour cf the African, the difference is not greater, than is proporiioned to the augmented heat and conflancy of the climatelj.

The principle of colour is not.how- ever,to be derived i'olely from the attion of the fun upon the fkin, Ilear,efv)e- cially, when united with putrid exha- lations, (hat copioufly impregnate the atmofphere in warm and uncultivated regions, relaxes the nervous fyflem. Ihe bile, in confequencc, is aug- mented, and Hied through the whole mafs of the body. This liquor tinges the complexion of a yellow colour, which affuines by time a darker hue. In many other indance^, we fee, ihat relaxation, whether it be caufed bv the vapours of llagnant waters, or by fedentary occupations, or by lofs of blood, or by indolence, fubjefts men to diforders of the bile, and difco- lours the Ikin. It has been proved,

NOTES.

X Anatomifls know, that all peo- ple of colour have their fkin thicker than people of a fair cornnlexion, !n proportion to ihe darkncfs of (he huf,

!| If the force of fire be fuf'-^- cienf, at a given diiiance, to fcorrh the fuel, approach it as much nearer, as is proportional to the difrerence of heat between cur climate and that of Africa, »i:d it will butn ii black.

OJ" complexion and Jigure in the human /pedes.

34

by phyncians, that, in fervid climates, the bile is always augraerned in pro- poitiori to the heat*. Bile expofed to the fun and air, is known to change its colour to black — black is therefore the tropical hue. Men, who remove from riorihern to fouthern regions, ure ulually attacked by dangerous dil- orders, that leave the blood impo- verifhed, and (bed a yellow appear- ance over the fkin. Thefe diforders are perhaps the etiorcs of nature, in breaking down and changing the con- fluution, m order to accominoddte it to the climate ; or to give it that de- gree of reliixaiion, and to mingl-" with It tti^i.t proportion of bile, which is neceifdry for its new fuuaiionf. On i|iis dark ground, the hue of the cli- iiiaie becomes, at lertjth, deeply and permanently impre(lc;d.

On the lubjectof ihcphyfical caufes of colour, I fhall reduce my principles to a few fliort propofitions, derived chifily from experience and obferva- lioii, and placed in fiich connexion, as lu lUufiratc and fupport each other. They may be enlarged and multiplied by men ofleifiirc and talents, who are difpofed to piirfue the inquiry farther.

1. It is a fact, that the fun darkens the {];in, although there be no uncom- mon redundancy of the bile.

2. It is alfo a fact, that a redundan- cy of bile darketis th-? ikin, although there be no uncommon expolure to the funX.

o. It IS a faft equally certain, that,

NOTES.

* See dr. M'Clurg on the bile.

+ Phylicians diticr in their- opi- nions, concernmg the ftate of the bile in warm countries. Some fup- pofe that it is throw^n out to be a cor- rector of putridity. Others fuppole, thai, in all relaxed habits, the bile is itlelt in a putrid Hate, i decide not among the opinions of phylicians. Whichever be true, the theory I ad- vance will be equally juft. The bile wli be augmented ; it will tinge the Ikiu ; and there, whether in a louiid or putr d Hate, will receive the attion of the fun and aimofphere, and be, in proportion, changed towards black.

t f<.edundancy of ble long conti- nued, as in the cafe of tlw? blark jaun- dice, '.r of extreme me '.incholv, creates a colour aliiioR perfottly black.

[July,

v\'!.-ere,both caufes co-operate, the cf- fefcl is much greater^ and the colour much deeperJI.

4. It is difcovered by anatomifts, that the Ikin ct)nfiits of three lamellaj^ or folds — the external, which, in all na- tions, is an extremely fine and tranipa- rent integument — the interior, which is alfo white — and an intermediate, which IS a cellular membrane, filled with a mucous iubliance.

5. Th's fub (lance, what ever it be, is altered in its appearance and colour, wiih every change of the conliiiution — as appears in blufiimg, in fevers, or in conkquence of exerc;fe. A lax nerve, that does not propel the blood with vigour, leaves it pale and fallow — U is ihll.iiuly afttcted with the Itnallefl furchage of bile, and liained of a yellow colour,

6. The change of climite produces a proportionate alteration in the in« ternal ilate and ftructure of the body, and in the quantity of the fecreti- ons*. In fouthern climates particu- larly, the bile, a^ has been rer»arked, is always augmented.

7. Bile, expofed to the fun and air, in a ftagnant, or nearly in a Uagnant flate, tends in its colour towards black.

8. The fecretions, as they ap- proach the extremities, become more languid in their motion, till at length they come almoll to a fixed ftate in the Ikin.

9. The aqueous parts efcaping eafi- ly by perfpiration through the pores of the fkin, thofe that are more denfe and incralFated remain in a'mucous or glutinous Hate, in that cellular mem- brane between the interior {kin and the fcarf, and receive there, during a long time, the imprcfhons of exter- nal and diicolouring caufes,

NOTES.

11 This we fee verified in thofe perf ms, who have been long fibiecl to bilious diforders, if they have been much cxpofcd to the fun. Their com- plexion becomes in that cafe extreme- ly dark.

* This appears from the diforders, with which men are ufually attacked, on changing their climate ; and from the diifcrence of figure and afpett, which takes place in confequence of fuch removal^. This latter reflexion will hereafter be farther illudrated.

■17%-3 Account of tke/aciety of Dunkards in Pinnjylvania.

35

10. The bile is peculiarly liable to become mucous and incra{ratecl+ ; and in this Oate, being unfit for per- fpiration, and attaching itfelf flrong- ly to that fpongy tiffue of nerves, it j-: there detained for a length of time, till it receives the repeated aclion of the fun and atmofphere.

11. From all the preceding prin- ciples taken together, it appear*;, that the complexion, in any climate, will be changed towards black, in pro- portion to the degree of heat in the atmofphere, and to the quantity of bite in the fkin.

12. The vapfuirs of ftagnant wa- ters, with which uncultivated rcg'ons abound — all great fatigues and liard- fhips — poverty and naihncfs — tend, as well as heat, to augment the bile. Hence, no lefs than from their nak- ednef's, favages will always be difco- lourfd, even in cold climates, tor, though cold, when afl'ifled by fuc- ciilent noiinlhment, and by the com- fortable lodcjing and clothing furnifh- ed in civilized focieiy, propels the blood with force to the extremities, and clears the complexion ; yet when bardfliips and bad living relax the fyllem, and when poor and (liivering favatres, under the ardic cold, do not poffefs thofe convenicncies, that, by opening the pores, and cherifhing the body, amll the mo;ion of the Jalood to the furface, the florid and fanguine principle is repelled ; and the complexion is left to be formed by the dark-coloured bile ; which, in that itate, becomes the more dark, be- caufe the obOruRion of the pores preferves it longer in a fixed (iare in the fkin. Hence, perhaps, the deep Lappoiiian complexion, which has been efteemed a phenomenon fo dif- ficult to be explained.

13. Cold, where it is not extreme*, is followed by a. contrary efteS. It cOrretts the bile, it braces the confti-

NOTES,

+ In this flate it is always copiouf- ly found, in the flomach and intef- tines, at leaftin confequenceof a bili- ous habit of body.

* Extreme cold i-^ followed by an cfFeft fimilar to that of extreme heat ; jt relaxes the conftitution by over- framing it, and augments the bile. This, together With the fatigues.

tutiovi, it propels the blood to the fur- face of the body with vigour, and renders the complexion clear and florid+.

Such are the obfervations, which I propgfe, concerning the proximate caufe of colour in the human fpecies. But 1 remark, with pleafure, that, whether this theory be well founded or not, the fact may be perfeBly af- certained, that climate has all that power to change the complexion, which I fujipofe, and which is necef- fapy to the prefent fubjetl. It appears from the whole ftateof the world — it appears from obvious and undeniable events within the memory of h'.ftory, and from events even withm our own view.

..<v-«B.<S><S> ••♦-

Account of the foctety of Dunkards in Pevnfylvania. Coinmunicated by a Britijh ofjicer to the editor of the Edinburgh. Magazine.

S I R, Edin. April 7,^, 1786.

THE whole road, from Lancafter to Ephrata, aftords a variety of beautiful profpefts ; the ground is rich and well cultivated, the wood (except- ing upon the road, where it ierves a<; a {belter from the piercing beams of the fun) thoroughly cleared, and the meadosvs abundantly watered by nu- merous refrefhing fpiings. About tv/elve miles from Lancafter, we left the great road, and flruck into the woods, through which we were led by "wildly devious paths" ro the delight- ful fpot where Ephrata Hands. The fituation of this place is molt jndici- oufly chofen ; it is equally fiieltered from the piercing cold winds of win- ter, and the beams of the fun in fum- mer ; an extenfive orchard fupphes the inhabitants with peaches, apples, cherries, &c. their beautiful gardens with every vegetable they can defire.

KOTES.

bardfliips and other evils of favaga life, renders the complexion darker beneath the arctic circle, than it is iti the midddle regions of the temperate zone, even in a favage flate of lo- ciety.

+ Cold air is known to contain a confiderable quantity of nitre ; and this ingredient is known to be favour- able to a clear and ruddy ccmpiexion.

36

Account of the fecit ty of Dunkards

[JuW,

1 he rivulet which fefves as a boundary to their poffeHions upon one fide, is, though firtall, of infinite advantage to their, grounds; and, in its courfe, drives a paper-mill, from which they derive conhderable profits.

We arrived about the hour of break- faft, and vs^ere moll hofpitably enter- t-iied by the prior, Peter Miller, a German. He is a judicious, fenfiblc, intelligfi-nt man : he had none of that ftiffnefs, which might naturally have bten expected from hi<; retired man- ner of life ; but fcemed ea{y, cheer- ful, and exceedingly deriroii<; to ren- der us every information in his pow- er. While breakfift was preparing, he propofed to give us fome account of their fociety ; which, as it was the ch'ef objetl of our journey, we very willingly acceded to.

He told us, that their fociety was ellabliflied about fifty years ago, by a very worthy old man, by b:rih, a Ger- man, who had, from repeated and nu- merous misfortunes, formed a rooted difgufl to fociety, and had retired from the world for fome years. Se- veral others, both male and female, Irom fimilar m!sf)rtuncs, or other cnules, had likcwife retired ; and, trorn their habitations being contigu- ous, they had fonietimrsoppcrtnnitjes of feeing and conv^rfing with each other. As their diflike to focietv di- minilhcd, and their love of focial hcir- inony mcreafed, thcfe meetings be- came more and more frequent ; they began to feel the intonvenienceof to- tal folitude ; fimilarity of fcntiment and fituation attached them to ench other; and thcv ardently wiflied for the fiiggeflion of foine fcheme, which might tend to linLihem together IHll more clofely. The fagacious old German, whom they revered as a fa- ther, at length propofed the pref^nt fociety. He pointed out to them the manv and great advantages, which vi Diild be derived from fiu h a fcheme ; and, with very great pnius. wrote out a vodect laws for the regiilu ion of their iijtureconduft. His rules, thoiiijh rigid, ivere admirablv contrived, to preferve "I tier and regularity in fucli a numerous tuv-.tety : he held forth to them, how ?;i!!bluicly nccefVrirv it was, to fubmit \viih implicit obedience lo the rules pre/lnbed : at length, by hiseloqiience, which fecms to iuve been very great.

he formed a perfe£l union ; and, hav- ing obtained a grant of land, they be- gan their work with ardour and acti- vity. A fpirit of enthufiafm feeins to have infpired the whole ; unalhfted by any thing but their own labour, they in three weeks erefted the three buildings which yet remain, and which, from their prefent found Hate, prove them to have been built of fubllantlal materials. Their whole fociety, at this period, aniounted to about fift/ men and thirty women ; they lived in harmony, innocence, and peace, nor had any of them ever expreffed the fmalleil difgufl, at the fevere and ri- gid difciphne tliey had fworn to ob- lerve. 1 he molt remarkable vows, and upon v.'h:ch all the other depend- ed, were chaftityj poverty, and obe- dience, : a defire to encroach upon the firll of thefe, and an impatience of the lalt, proved the firll fource of contention, and occaltoned a tempo- rary revolution, which at one time threatened to exterminate them for ever.

Among thofe who had lall joined them, were two brothers, men of ac- tive, daring fp!rits;bold and enter- priling, but headftri. rg and obllinate. Thefe men had experienced a multi- plicity of adventures ; they had been alternately rich and poor, happy and mi lerable; they had traverfed the whole continent of America ; had been engag- ed in innumerable purlults, and been expofed to a variety of dangers: from fome unlucky hits, however, or fuf- picious dealings, they found it necef- fary to abfcond. They conceived a rooted difgnft for a world, which would no longer be the dupe of their villainy ; they became hermits, and profeffed to be the warmed enthufialls in religion : they had refided for a confiderable time in the back parts of Nevv Eng- land ; in which retreat, they hf-ard of the dunkards, and feemingly from mo- tives of pure piety, were induced to join them.

For fome time after their arrival, their behaviour was moft exemplary ; they were aftive and induftrioiis, and were confiantly the firll in their nu- merous religious exercifes ; they were tiniverfally cdeemed, and in very high cllimatlon with the original founder, who had now attained the title of fpiritual father. This good

■1

in Pennfylvania,

37

man feems really to have been a moft finilhed charatter : he faw the necef- fity there was for a prefident or ruler to this numerous body; but faw like- wile, that a llntt attendance upon this duty would too much inter- fere with the afts of devotion, in which he fo much delighted ; he there- fore fixed upon an old German, a ttian of profound fenfe and exem- plary piety, to perform this oifice — This man was invefted with unlimit- ed authority : his voice was a law, but he did not abufe his power ; his whole behaviour was truly noble.

One of the brothers already men- tioned had attained to thir place of ireafurer to the fociety ; for notwith- ftanding their vow of poverty. ^ ihey had always a ftock of cafli by them, in caieofpanicnlar exigencies. Some fiiiliues here firft created fufpicions of this man : he was aware of his danger, and had been tampering with fome of the weaker brethren for fome time ; the prior interfered; an inveftigation took place, and they foon found that he had embezzled the cafli to a very tonfiderable amount ; they likewife difcovered, that he had been guilty of fome moll infamous debaucheries in the adjacent country, and thit he hid formed a party in the fociety, to de- pofe the prefent prior, and be defied in his room. An immediate contu- fion commenced ; parties were fonn- e^; and it feemcd as if a final end was to be put to this innocent and in- dullrious fociety. This fcoundrel had polluted the minds of muny of the brethren, with ideas ol indepen- dence, and with rebellious notions, perfecHy inconliilent with their ori- ginal conftitution ; he was an artful, cunning, deficning man : he difi^ay- ed, in the flrongell colours, the fer- vility they were held in. and argued the natural freedom of niankind in fupport of his opinion. He was liliened to with attention, and he did not fail to make ufe of his good for- tune ; that cnthufmlm, v/nich at firll inlpired them, arofe clnelly from no- veliy of fituation, or relpectful ado- ration of the good old German ; thele feelings, in many ol them, were blunted, in foine, totally fubfuled ; which })i(n'ed no imall ;ifli{lance to him in his endeavours. Things feem- cd approaching to a crilis ; bufincl's

was at an end f even their religious duties were for a while fufpended, and, an immediate revolution wws expected. This little fociety was an epitome of the moll celebrated revolutions ; fears, jealoufies, fufpicions, invaded the heart of each member of the com- munity : the good brothers were in- timidated by the greatnefs of the dan- gei ; the bad were not yet prepared for a general revolt.

Thingshad continued in tKisfituation for five days ; upon the fixth, in the morning, the old prior, Peter MiUer the preient prior, who was at that time printer, and ten more of the original lollituiors, went and boldly fcized the brothers. Relillance was vain; they carried them into the great hall ; the whole brotherhood was foon colleft- cd, and the fpiritual father made his appearance. The venerable figure of tins good man, his rigid devotion, his exemplary piety, his numerous vir- tues, ftruck at once upon their minds, and they liliened to him with atten- tion, whiKl he made a very long and pathetic harangue. He lamented the melancholy occafion of this meeting; recounted the caufes, which had firll brought them together ; gave them a clear view of their original inltitution, of the oath which ihcy had made to obey implicitly the rules prefcribed, thehap- pmels they had experienced, previous to the admidion of thefe wicked bro- thers, and thefatal confequences, which would inevitably anie from being left to themfelves, or the (liU more dread- ful alternative ofiubmitting to be go- verned by fuch a reprobate : he then finilhed, by propofing to baniih this vagabond from tne'r iociety ; to per- mit anv other dilcoiitented members to depart in peace ; and, finally, that the great power of the prior Ihouldbc fomewhat limited.

This fpeech had the defired effect ; the luiligator of thjs rebellion was ba- nlfhed ; and Peter told me, he retired to Canada ; the other brother, with a few of the meml'erswho were difcon- teiited. left them, and all things re- mained upon the fame footing as be- fore. Thus was this dangerous rev(i~ lufioi', which feemed to threaten their dellrihHion, finally ended, and their former happmels re eftablifhed. Wh.it IS moll extraordinary, the women were entirely paifive in this affair, and

38

Account of the Jociety of Dunkards

[July,

received the acknowledgments of the fociety for ihc^ir behaviour.

For foine time previou*- to this re- solution, the good old fpiruual fa- ther had retired to a hut about a mile from Ephrata, chiefly wtth a view of indulging himfclf more freely in his devotions. After this period, he he- came more and more attached to his folitude, and feldom made his appear- ance in p'lblic ; a fettled melaticholy feemed to opprels him, and he died, poor man, in the courfe of the year, eieven years from their inftitution. He Vr-a"-. buried at the door of his cabin ; a flat ffone is laid over his grave, but at bisowndelire there is no inicrip- tion. The hut yet remains ; and Pe- ter tells me, he often retires to it, and waters the good man's grave with his tears. Some few years after this, the pnordied, and Peter Miller was una- jjinioudy elected in his room. Ibey have lived in harmony and peace ever iince ; they never quarrel : indeed, peter favs, his office is merely nomi- nal, as he has never once had occa- fion to exert the authority veiled in him.

They are now reduced to feven men and five women. Their original grant of lands conlidedof fcveial thoaland acres ; part was wrefted from thein by force, part was difpoted of to fettlers, ■who chofe to live near them, and wtio entertain the fame religious o- pinions, and attend at the place of public worfliip on Sundays and holi- days, of which they have a great number.

The number of thf fe people may amount to five hundred ; bui they have no manner of connexion with the dunkard* at Ephrata (i.hou.-^li they hear the fi-na lurne,} farther than a fiiu'lirily of reli^jious opinion. Ma- ny of c'l^iiJ, frmii chejice, wear the fame drets, and allow their benrds (o jjrow ; v.'hicii n^ay have jtu'en rife to liie m'.ftake of fcvcra! ^entjemen, who have written upon this (ubjecl. It is iikewifetobe obterved, thai the me- iionills of Pennlvlvaina alle^t tins sn.Kleof drel; ; and that manv wdow- crs III the hack iettlemeius atrmne no o'her mourning than a ionj,' beard ; all v/b'chmay ha^e deceived ciufoty ob- iervers, and given rife to tlse opinion of thefe people beinii io very nu- merous.

The ground they at prefent pofTefs,

and where their town is built, is not above fix acres. It is almoii filled with fruit trees ; the rivulei formerly mentioned, ferves as a boundary on one fide, and the reft is inclofed by a deep ditch and hornbeam hedge. The town confiUs of three wooden hoiifes of three ftory high each, and a few outer houfes : the cells of the breihrcn are exceedingly finall, and the windows and doors extremely ill- contrived for a hot climate; the doors in particular are narrow and very low. I enquired, but could nat dilcover, the caufe of this aukward and inconvenient mode of building. Each biothsr has a cell with a clofet adjoining; he isi'iipplicd with a table, a chair, and a bench for fieepuig on ; the bench is ct)vered with a woolen mat, and a billet of wood for a pil- low ; the fmalinefs and darknefs of the rooms are extremely difagreeable, and they were by no means clean : their drcfs likewife is moll unfavour- able to clcanhnefs ; and in faft, my friend Peter had a moll unfavory imell : his winter drefs was not laid ahde, though it was the middle of May, and very warm wea.'her; and his gown of while fianne! had attain- ed a yellow hue from the perfpiration, which really proved a moft unfeemly fight ; the length and blacknefs of his heard, with the greafinefs of his cowl or hood, for they wear no hats, added nrrt a little to the unconthnefs of his figure. They are mod tin fo- ciable ; they do not eat together, but eich in his own cell, which li'erally ferves him for kitchen, for parlour, and hall ; they arc continualiv engaged cither in aits of devotion, orhufinefs ; indeed, ihey feldom meet, excepting at worfhip, which ihey have twice a- day,and twice durinj; the night. Their churches, for they have two, were clean and neat, but perf Mly unadorn- ed, excepting by fome German texts of very cle'^ant penmanlhip by the fe- males. \ hcv li?ve no fet form of tervice, bin pr<w and preacli extem- pore ; and in this the females join ihem. 1 heir church is fiipplied with a luull but neat lleeple and clock ; this clock flrikes the. hours fiomone to twelve progrelTivcly, from the riling of I he lun, and begins again at fnn-fet, 'ihey have a papcj inili, formerty

iyig.]

in Pennfylvania,

3>

mentionecl, a prinfing-houfe, and a library : they derive a confiderable protit from the mill ; but they print little, and have but a trifling library. 1 expreiled iome furprile at this, and was informed by Peter, that, before the war, they had a very excellent one, ana were poffeffed of many va- luable books in Iheets for binding ; but that the rebels being at this period at a lols for paper to make cartridges, ge- neral Wamington fent an oliicer to feize all the paper and bov)ks he could find at Ephrata : his orders were im- plicitly obeyed*. In vain did poor Peter reprefent the inhumanity of this atlion ; in vain did he oiler to redeem them with a fnin of money : in vain did he remonllrate : infuit was added to inhumanity ; and books were taken, which, froin their fmallnels, were un- fit for the ul'e alhgned. A fimiUr ar-

NOTE.

* The writer of this account of the dunkards has fhamefuUy milrepreient- ed fads, and deviated from the truth in many particulars. The reverend Pe- ter Miller, the worthy prehdent of the dunkards, whofe charatter is Jo indecently and unjuflly afperfed by this illiberal writer, gives, in a letter to William Barton, efq. of this city, dated in April lall, the following account of the tranfaftions refer- red to, in oppofition to the royalid's alfertions. — '' It is faife," lays he, *' that we ever had any library — the books, taken from us, were of one iin- preilion, unbound." It is alfo falfe, that we ofFejed money to releafe ihofe books ; much lefs is it true, that we had a woolen nianufaclure, except for Dur own exigency ; and never was any woolen cloth demanded of us, except our blanket-., when the mili- tia went out firit, for which we were paid. The truth is, that an embargo was laid on all our printed paper — ^1- fo, that, for a time, we could not fell any book. At length, came one captain Hendcrfon, with tv^'o wag- gons, to fetch away all our printed paper: he pretended to have an or- der fram general Wafhington. As, at that time, the Englilh army was in our V cmity — we remonfliated, and fold the capta'n, thar, as this wo«id hurt oircharafter, we would not C'.jrs- leiu, unlefs he would take them by

bitrary order was ifTued, to feize their woolen cloth, of which they general- ly have a large Itore ; but fortunately a French frigate arrived in the Dela- ware, before this fecond order could be put in execution.

In the courle of our walk, we met with one or two of the brethren, one in particular an Engklhman, indeed the only one in ihe fociety ; he was employed in making ihmgjes, a bufi- neis that requires both Urength and dexterity; his head uncovered, and his veneialile countenance expoied to the piercing rays of a mid-day fun. He w.is eighty five years of age, yet was hale and Itouf ; he wa<; affable and cheerful ; he afked fcverai quef- tions about England and about the

N o 1 t . force, for which we fhoul^ have a ceriihcate; to which he confenicd. Accordingly, he ordered fix men, with fixed bayonets, from the hofpital, which was at that time at Ephrata : and they loaded two waggons full. l"hc captain afterwards fettled wnli us, pay;iig us honelily, and we parted in peace ; itiough we never afked fiom him a ccriiHcate, but trulted to provi- dence. Whether the faid captain attert herein, by anexprefs or implied order of his excellency, 1 cannot fav : 1 never faw any written one." " Yon are rij^ht," continues mr. Miller, " when yoi; fay, the account was writ- tcn by a Britilh officer. They (the Britiih officers) came here but once, wheii peace was concluded; but, be- ing itrong roydlids, they foi'nd little Idtisr.^Ccion with us. I may havetold them, that the paper was taken upon the general's order; for, all military orders were ifTued under that name, and we always obeyed fuch verbal or- ders, without feeing any written one, I he gentleman is very liberal, in grant- ing me new titles : I thank him for it ; and wifh that fuch greedy vultures. ai> he and his companions were, may ne- ver more conie to America."

Mr. Miller's flaiement of thefe faffs may be relied on. The charac- ter of th's venerable man needs no defence, p.gainll the {lander, calf upon it by the man, who hid been kindly and hoipitaijly received under his

ro

^of

Indian magTumimityt

[J^iy,

war ; and (hewed no fignsof age, ex- cept in being ratber deaf.

vVe ihen proceeded to the houfe ©ccupied by the nuns, to whom we were introduced by Feter, as Britiih oiiicers. The priorefs, who was, I think, near eighty, received us with the utinoll poluenefs, thanked us for the honour we did her in calling upon her, and conducted us chrotigh the houle ; it was uniformly clean, and the cells were in excellent order ; they did not, however, flick up to the ftritl rules of their order, but indulg- ed themlelves upon good feather beds, cf which chey had a great number. They fhcwed us lome volumes of moll elegant penmanihip and needlework. Tliey were employed in inlkucting ibme grls in fewmg, others in reading and writing ; they were the children ©f the neighbouring dunkards, who are by them initiated into the myilery ©f their religion : the boys are, in )ikc manner, educated by the men.

Peier expreiTed great fears, that the.r fociety would become extinct; tv;a members only, one a female, the other a male, had joined ihcm in the coiirfe of forty years. He faid he had fomc hopes, that they might be jo;ned by fome of the Britilh oiiicers at the peace : we could not give him much encouragement in the op.nlon. He a:Lred us that he was perfi^ctly happy : at hrll, indeed, their fieq'ient and faiiguiiig religious duties, their abflincnce, and, in particular, iheir vows of challity, were hard to be ob- ferved ; but thefe ideas had long hnce luhfided. He employed his time, he ia:d, when unoccupied by buhnefs, in reading and expounding the Icrip- tures ; he dilcovered many things, which fome lime or another he meant topubliih; he was liill difcovering, with regard to hi? prefent religions opi- nions, which were thefeiitmientsoflhe whole. They retain both {acramenis,. but admit only adults (o baptdni ; ihey deny original iin, as to its ettccts up- on Adam's policrity : they deny, like- wife, tlie eicrnity of torments; and fuppofe, thu we only fuBer a certain time, in proportion to the nature and number of the fins we have committed in this life; thefe being purged away by a thorough repentance, the fouls are railed into heaven. All violence they elleeai unlawful ; even going to

law, they look upon as contrary to the Ipirn of the gofpel. Feier paid taxes : U was his principle to fubmit to the ruling power; but he confcHed, ihat had he been to choofe, he would have given the preference to a Britifh go- vernment. He had been a clergyman of the Lutheran church ; he was an excellent fcholar, and well qualihed to teach Greek ; he underllood the Hebrew, Greek, and Latin, fpoke l" lench tolerably, and had a very com- petent knowledge of the Engliih : he feemed in all refpects afcnfiblc, well- ialormed, intelligent man. At part- ing, he prefented me with a p-am- pjilet, written originally in German by the ipiritual father, and tranflated by Peter: it is, a Differtation upon Man's Fall, and is, in truth, a cu- rious piece. We rode about fix miles further to a village called Reams I'own, where we dined. The coun- try was level and well cultivated ; as we returned, we called upon Peter, who, to our great furpnfe, prefented us wiih a glals of excellent Madeira r he told us, that, by the ftrict rules of their order, they were allowed only vegetables and water; but that, as old age advanced, he really found it ini- poifible to fubmit to fuch rigid d.fci- pliiic ; v^'e aduured his candour, znA joined him in dtinking a cheerful glafs.

Upon our return to Lancafler, we could not help giving Peter and his brethren very great cicdit for their peaceable difpofitions, and prafmo; them for their prudence in avoiding law-pleas: we had formed plans ot tranfplanting iome of them to this part of the world, if podible, to ijuell tl^at fpirit of litigaiion and love of law, ii' prevalent among us; but we were, I confefs, not a iitilc furprifed, to Hnd, that Peter himlelf was one of the moll troublcfome, litigious fellows in the v,hole county, and that he never failed to make hi« appearance at the quarterly fedions in Lancaller, with fome fri- volous, lilly complaint : we were hear- tily alhamed cf our tooeafy credulitv, and detsrmined to afk no more quei- tions, ictt ihey might tend to further difcoveries.

Indian magnanimity,

AN Indian, who had not met with his ufual fuccefs in hunt-

5780.]

Protejiant religiov, politically confidered.

ing, wandere3 down to a plantation among the back fettleme its in Vir- giniaj and feeing a planter at his door, afksd for a morfel of bread, for he was very hungry. 1 he plan- ter bid him begone, for he would give hun none. ' Will you give me then a cup of your beer ?' faid the Ind an. ' No, you (hall have none horc,' replied the planter. But I am very faint,' faid the favagc, ' will you give me only a draught of cold •water?' ' Get you gone, you Indian dog, you (liall have nothing here,' faid I he planter. It happened, fome months after, that the planter went on a {hooting party up into thewoodf, where, intent upon his game, he mil- fed his company, and loll his way ; and night coming on, he wandered through the forefl, till he efpied an Indian wigwam. He approached thf favage's habitation, and afkedhira to fliew him the way to a plantation on that fide the country. ' It is too Jate for you to go there this evening, fir,' faid the Indian : but if you will aeccpt of my homely fare, you are v/elcome.' He then offered him fome venifon, and fuch other refrefhment as his ftore afforded ; and having laid fome bear Ikins for his bed, hedefired that he would repofe hinjfelf for the night, and he would awake him early m the morning, and condufl him on .his way. Accordingly in the morn- ing they fet off, and the Indian led bim out of the forefl, and put him in the road he wastogo ; but jufl as they were taking leave, he ftepped before the planter, then turninground, and flar- ing full in his face, bid him fay, whe- ther he recollected his features. The p!an;cr was now ftruck with fhame and horror, when he beheld, in his kind protector, the Indian whom he had fo harfhly treated. He confefTed that he knew him, and was full of excufes for his brutal behaviour ; to which the Indian only replied : ' When you fee poor Indians faint- ing for a cup of cold water, don't fay again, ' Get you gone, you Indian dog!' The Indian then wifhed him well on his journey, and left him. It is not difficult to fay, which of ihefe two had (he befl. claim to the name of chriftian.

Vol. Vr.

[From the Gazetteoftheunitedflates.]

The importance of the protejiant rtli- gtun politically confidered.

Teinpora mutantur, et r.cs rtiU' tamur in illis.

THE religion, v/hich the citizens of America in general pi(<i'c-ls. isihat, for the fake of which, our virtuous fore- fathers lefigi-ied all ih.e honours, llie plrauires, the comforis, and almoll all the neceflTaries of iif;, which many of them enjoyed in abu'i- danceiti the old v^orld; and traverlcd the vail and perilous a;lantic, to tranfplant themfelves and faniil es to this, then rude, uncultivated wildcrncfj j fwarming with favage beaiis, and fiic more favage men. It is, thercfoie^ that religion, which laid the founda- tion of tin's new and great empire : it is the religion, of all others, the moll favourable to indufiry, commerce, the arts, fcience, freedom, and confc- quenily the temporal happinefs of mankind : it is the profeffcd religion of the greatell, wifcft, and bcO men this world has produced ; and it is the religion, of which we acknowledge God to be the author. Thefe will furcly he admitted as powerful claims to our particular reverence and re- fpett. To this religion, Britain is principally indebted, for that happy reformation and fubfcquent glonous revolution, which were the harbin- gers of her prefent dilhnguifhed great- nef';. To this religion and its worthy profelTors, it mufl be acknowledged, much is due, in bringing about the late glorious American revolution, InfpLred by this religion, our truly patriotic clergy boldly and zealoufiy flepped forth, and bravely flood our difiingmfhed centmels. to watch, and warn us againft approaching danger: they wifely faw, that our religioui and civil liberties were infeparably connected ; and therefore warmly ex- cited and animated the people, reio- liitely to oppofe and repel every hof- tile invader. Thefe are fome of the temporal blefTings, flowing from ouf religion ; and yet many of thofe pioiis chrifiianS, to whom, under God, we owe much of that fortitude, zeal, perfe- veraiice, and infpiration, which carried the American army through difficulties and dangers, apparently infui mount- able — may at this day be ranked amor^

Importance of tin protejlant religion^

42

the moft needy and dependent men in the community : this is an evil greatly tobe deplored ; and urgently demands every polTible public and private ex- ertion, for the fakeofthoie, vv'hohave thus generoufly embraced a life of cer- tain indigence, for the caufe of religioxi and mankind — for the lake of their willows and offspring, who are ohcn left in the molt dillrelfed circurn- ftances, and for the honour and fccu- rity of thaF religion, to which we are largely indebted for this happy coun- try. The generality of mankind are more or lefs inlluenced and attracted by the powerandfplendour of riches ; and there are too many of all ranks, in every community, who annex an idea of contempt to the appearance of po- verty. This is too evident, to be con- troverted. • If, therefore, poverty is often treated with contempt, and al- ways with negieft, what may we not fear for that religion, of which, m this country, poverty is a diftinguiOi- ing badge ? The mafs of mankind are ever captivated by external appear- ances and (hew — barren minds receive no light from within ; and therefore cannot be fo eafiiy informed and con- vinced, of the iiurinfic worth of true religion, as they may be caught and infnared by the tinfel and trappings of any other ; it is therefore worthy of con- fideration,what may be the probable ef- fects oft he introduttion of other religi- ons ; and how far their ellcfts, if in any view dangerous, may be counterafted, conliflentiy with the jull and generous principles of toleration.

The ignorant and illiterate, confli- tnte a large majority in all communi- ties— thele are awed, their excelTes controled, and rheir opinions bialfed, more from the exertions of religion, aod the vifihle relpecl paid to it by thofe, whom they deem their fupe- ri'>rs, tliai! from its immediate, fenfi- ble intliience on their own minds. It js ihercfore well worthy the attention of tlv^le, whoalFent to the import- ance of ihe prottllant religion, poli- tically conhdered, and who conceive, that It has had any (liare in producing the temporal bleHings we now enjov, to honour it with every polhble dil- tinguifhing mark of pre-eminence and refpect, not rrjiiignani to the true fpi- rit of lolera.'f.n ; andlibfraily to aid cur relifiious faihcrs. in the glorious

[July,

work of fiipporting tliis important bulwark of (jur conllitution ; and m the commemoration of thofe great events, conducive to the revolution and independence of America. May the virtue, zeal, and patriotifm of our clergy, be ever particularly remem- bered ; for it is a truth, as facred as the idea is ferious and alarming, that as our protellant clergy {hall hnk into contempt or neglctt, however unde- ferved, the learned will decline the profcllion ; and then — adieu to reli- gion, morality, and liberty ! While in conformity to the benevolent pre- cepts of true religion, as well as the liberal principles of our conllitution, Americans hold out religious liberty to all the various fetls, who may be dilpofed to become our fellow citi- zens, let us not be wanting in that at- tention and refpett, due to the religi- on we profefs ; left it fhould be fui- pctted, that our tolerant fpirit pro- ceeded more from a total indiflerence to all religion, than from that liberal- ity of fentiment and god-like charity, which true religion inculcates and inlpires, and which (it is hoped) will never be diflodged from the generous and benevolent breads of Americans.

71% 9, 1789. E. C.

[_To the editor of the Gazette of the unitedjlates.^ S t R,

EVERY friend to the rights of confcience, equal liberty, and diUuiive happinefs, muft have felt pain, on feeing the attempt made by one of your correlpondenls, in the gazette of the united llates, No. J^, PvLiy the 5th, to revive, an odious fyilemof religious intolennce. The auihor may not have been fully fen- fible of the tendency of his publica- tion, becaufe he fpeaks of preferving univerfal toleration. Perhaps he is one of thofe, who think it confiflcnt wiih juftice, to exclude certain citi- zens from the honours and emolu- ments of fociety, merely on account of their religious opinions, provided they be not reftrained, by racks and forfeitures, from the exercife of that worfhip which their confciences ap- prove. If fuch be his views, in ya;n then have Americans aifociated into one great national union, under the

J 789.]

poliiically csr.Jldered,

43

exprefs condition of notbeing fliackled by religious teils ; and und;rr a firm perfuafion, that they were to retain, when aliociated, every natural right, not exprefsly lurrendered.

Is it pretended, that they, v/ho are the objetis of an intended exclufion from certain offices of hoHOur and ad- vantage, have forfeited, by any acl of treafon again II the united Hates, the common rights of nature, or the Hipulated rights of the political foci- ety, of v.'hich they foim a part ? This the author has not prefumcd to aiTert. Their blood flowed as freely (in pro- portion to their numbers) to cement the fabric of independence, as ihal of any oftheirfellow-citizens. 1 hey con- curred, with perhaps greater unanimity, than any other body of men, in re- commending and promoting that go- vernment, from whofe influence A- merica anticipates all the blelTings of juftice, peace, plenty, good order, and civil and religious liberty. What charafter fliall we then give to a fyf- tem of policy, calculated for the ex- preCs purpofe of divelting of rights, legally acquired, thofe citizens, who are not only unoffending, but whofe condufl has been highly meritorious ?

Thefe obfervatiuns refer to the ge- neral tendency of the publication, which I now proceed to confider more particularly. Is it true (as the author flates) that our forefathers a- bandoned their native home ; re- nounced its honours and comforts, and buried themfelves in the immenfe fo- refts of this new world, for the fake of that religion, which he recom- mends as preferable to any other? Was rot the religion, which the emigrants to the four fouthern flates brought with them to America, the pre-eminent and favoured religion of the country which they left ? Did the R-oman catholics, who firll came to Maryland, leave their native foil, for the fake of preferving the protellant church ? Was this the motive of the peaceable quakers, in the fettlement of Pennfylvania ? Did the firll In- habitants of the Jerfeys and New York, qmt Europe for fear of being compelled to renounce their protellant tenets ? Can it be even truly affirmed, that this motive operated on all, or a majority of thofe, who began to fettle and improve the four eaftcrn fiate« ?

Or, even, if they realiy were influ- enced by a delire of preferving their religion, what will enfue from the fad, but that one denomination of proteftantK fought a retreat from the perfecution of another ? Will hiftory jiiflify [he affertion, that they left their native homes for the fake of the protellant religion, undcrftanding it in acomprehenhve fenfeasdilfinguifli- ed from every other ?

This leading fact being fo much mis-ftated, no wonder that the author fliouldgo on, bewildering himfelfmore and more. He allerts that the re- ligion, wliicii he recommmends, laid the foundation of this great and new empire ; and therefore contends, that it is entitled to pre-eminence and dil- tinguiflied favour. Might 1 not fay, with equal truth, that the religion, which he recommends, exerted her powers to crufli this empire in its birth, and is Hill labouring to prevent its growth ? For, can we fo foon for- get, or now help feeing, that the bit- terell enemies of our national prof- perity profefs the fame religion, which prevails generally in the unitedftates ? What inference v.il! a philofophic mind draw from this view, but that re- ligion is out of the queftion — that it is ridiculous to fay, the protellant re- ligion IS the important bulwark of our conftitution — that the ellabliffiment of the American empire was not the work of this or that religion, but a- rofe from a generous exertion of all her citizens, to redrefs their wrongs, to aliert their rights, and lay its foun- dations on the ioundeft principles of juftice and equal liberty ?

When he afcribed fo many valu- able eRefts to his cheriffied religion, as that ffie was the nurfe of arts and fci- ences, could he not refletl, that Ho- mer and Virgil, Demofthenes and Ci- cero, Tlmcydides and Livy, Phidias and Apelles, flouriffied long before this nurfe of arts and fciences had an exillence? Was he fo inconfiderate, as not to attend to the confequences, favourable to Polytheifm, which flow from his reafoning — or did he forget, that the emperor Julian, thai Usbiie and inveterate enemv of chi illianity, ap- plied this very fame argument to the defence of Heathenifli fuperflition ? The recoUeftion of thit circuiuilancc may induce him to fufpctl the weight

Proteflant religion, politically conjidered.

41

cf his obfervation, and perhaps to doubt of the faci, whicU he airumed fur Us bafis.

But he tells us that Britain " owes to her rehgion her prefent cjiilinguifli- ed greatnefs" — a gentle invitation to America to piirfue the fame pohtical maxims, in heapm^j exchifive favours on one and deprelfing all other re- ligion^ !

But does Britain indeed owe the perfeduin and extent of her manufac- tures, and the enormous wealth of ma- r.y individuals, to thecaufe alfigned by this writer? Can he io foon put it out of his mmd, that the paiient indullry, fo natural to Englilh artificers, and the long monopoly of our trade, and that of their dependencies, by increaf- jng the demand, and a competition a- mong her artizans, contributed prin- cipally to the perfetlion of the manu- faftures of Britain ; and that the plun- der of Indian provinces poured into her lap the immenfe fortunes, which mirder and rapacity accumulated in thofe fertile clunes i^ God forbid, that rel'gion (hould be initrumental in raif- ing Inch great nefs !

When the author proceeds to fay, that the clergy of liiai religion, which operated inch wonders m Br tain, '■ boldly and zeah^ufly flepped forth, and bravely ilood our dltinguiflied ceiiiiiiels, to bring about the late glo- rioiiv revolution "t— I am almriftdeter- m'ned !Q follow him no further : he is Iciduig 'lie oil too tender ground, on vhicb I choofe not to venture, 1 he clergy of that religion behaved, I be- lieve, a^ any otlier ( lergy would have don-:^ in fiimlar circumllances : but the voice of Amer ca will not contradift nie, when 1 afTert, ihat ihry difcover- ed no greater zeal for the revolution, than ihe muiidry of any other deno- mination whatever.

When men comprehend not, or re- fufe to admit, the luininons principles, on which the rights of confcience and liberty of religion depend, they are in- dull nous to find out pretences for in- tolerance. If they cannot dlfcover ihem in the attions, they drain to cull them out of the tenets of the religion, •v.'hich they wifli to exchide from a free participation of equal rights. Thus this wriif r aitnbu'es to his reli- frion the merit of being the mod favour- j^bje to freedom ; and aairriis that not

tJ^iy,

only morality, but liberty likewifo mull expire, if his clergy (hould ever be contemned or negleded ; all which conveys a refined infinuation, that li- beriv cannot confilt with, or be cher-. ilhed by any other religious inftitu- tion ; wh ch therefore, he would give to underlland, it is not fafe to counte- nance in a free government.

I am anxious to guard aga'infl the imprelhon, intended by fuch infinua- tions ; not merely for the fake of any one profeffion, but from an earneil regard to preferve inviolate for ever, in our new empire, the great princir pie of religious freedom. T.he cori- ilitutionsof fome of the Hates conti- nue Hill to entrench on the facred rights of confcience ; and men, who have bled, and opened their ptirfes as freely, in the caufe of liberty and in- dependence, as any other citizens, are moft unjulUy excluded from the ad- vantages, which they contributed to eftablilh. But if bigotry and narrow prejudices have hitherto prevented the cure of thefe evils, be it the duty of every lover of peace and juftice to extend them no further. Let the au- thor, who has opened this field for difcufJion, bev/are of flily imputing, to any fet of men, principles or confe- quencesj which they difavow. He perhaps may meet with retaliation. He may he told, and referred to lord Littl'-'on, as zealous a proteftant as any man of his days, for information, that the principles of non-refiOence fecmed the principles of that religion, which (we are now told) is molt fa- vourable to freedom ; and that Us op- ponents had gone too far in the other extreme*.

He may be told farther, that a reve- rend prelaie of Ireland, the bifiiop of Cloyne, has lately attempted to prove that ihe proteftant epifcopal church is bell fitted to unite with ihe civil con- ftituiion of a mixf'd monarchy, while prefbvterianifra is only congenial with repiibhcanifm. Mufl America, then, yielding to thefe fanciful fyflems, confine her didinguirning favours to the followers of (.'alvin, and keep a jealous eye on all others ? Ought (he not rather to treat with contempt thefe

* See dialogues of the dead, ^11 dialoi'ue.

17?9.]

Exercife pr'ferable tomtdicine.

idle, and (generally fpeaking) interefl- ed fpeculatiiiiis, refuted by reafon, hiftory, and daily experience ; and reft the prefervation of her liberties, and her (jovernment, on the attachment of mankind to ihcir political happinefs, to the fecurity of their perions and their property, which is independent of religious do6trines, and not re- Urained by any ?

June \o, i-]2,g. Pacificus.

Tke benejiti of exercife, in preference tomtdicine, in chronic diftafes, il- luflrated by an all'-»vry — cxtra&- ed from a publication 07i temper- ance and exercife, printed by John Dunlap in the year 1772, and af- cribcdto dr. Rufh.

IN the iflaiid of Ceylon, in the In- dian ocean, a number of inva- lids were affeiTibled together, who were affliftcd with mod of the chronic difea'es, to which the human body is fnbjecl. In the midtl of them fat fcveral venerable figures, who amwf- cd them with encomiums upon fonie medicineSj which they alTured thein would afford infallible relief in all cafes. One boafled of an elixir — an- other of a powder, brought from A- merica — a third, of a medicine, in- vented and prepared in Germany — all of which, they faid. were certain an- tidotes to the gout — a fourih, cried up a nollrum for the vapours — a fifth, drops for the gravel — a fixth, a bal- fam, prepared from honey, as a fo- vereign remedy fur a ccniumpt:on — a ieventh, a pill for ciraneous erup- tions— while an eighth cried down the whole, and extolkd a mineral water, which lay a few miles from ihe place were they were adembltd. The credulous muhitude partook ea- gerlyof thefe medicines, but wiihoiu any relief of their refpeBive com- plaints. Several of thole v;ho made ufe of the antidotes 10 the gout, were hurried fuddenly out of the world. Some faid, their medicines were adul- terated— others, that the dofiors had niniaken their difordcrs — while molt of them agreed, that they were much worfe than ever. While they were all, with one accord, giving vent, in luis manner, to the tir.nipons of dif- apnoiniment and vexiition, a clap of thunder w^s heard over their htMiis,

Upon looking up, a light vas feen in thefky. In the niidit of this ap- peared the figure of fomethuig more than human — £he was tail and come- ly— her (kin was fair as ihe driven fnow — a rofy hue tinged her cheek:; — her hair hung loofe upon her (houl- dets — her flowing robes dtfclofcd a fliape, which would have caft a (hadti upon the flatue of Venus of Mrdi- cis. In her right hand Cie held a bough of an evergreen — in her left hand (lie had a fcroll of parchmeri. She defcended {lowly, and Hood e- recl upon the earth — Ihe fixed her eyes, which fparkled with bfe, upon the deluded and afflitted company — there was a mixture of pity and in- dignation in her countenance — (lie ft retched forth her r'ght arm, and with a voice, which was Iweeter than melody itfelf, fhe addreffcd them ir* the following language; "Ye chil- dren of men, hllen for a while to the voiceof inftruttion. You feek health where it is not to be found. The boaded fpecifics you have been ufing, have no virtues. Even the perfon^ who gave them, labour under reany of the diforders they attempt to cure. My name is Hygiea. I prefide over the healih of mankind. Dilc^rrta'i your medicines, and feek relief f; cm temperance and exercife alone. E.ve- ry thing, you lee, isattivc around yoj. All the br;i'c animals in nature are ac- tive m their it, fiinchve piirfuits* Ini'ii- mate nature is active too — air — h;" — and watf;r are always in motion. Un- lels ihiS were the cafe, they would looij be unfit for thepurpofes, for which they were defigned, in t\\e ecor.oruy of nature. Shun iloth — this unh'ng- es all tiie fprings of life. Fly from your difeafes — they will not — they cannot purfue you." Here fhe end- ed— (lie dropped the parchment upon the earth— a cloud received her, and file immediately afcended, and difap- peared from their fi^ht — a filence eu- lued, more exprelTive of approba- tion, than the loude'l peals of ap- plaufe. One of ihcm approached, with reverence, to the foot where Ifie had flood — took up the fcroll, and read the contents of it to his conip^n'on". It contained direftions to each of them, W'hat they fiMvjld do ro re- flore their health. They all prepar- ed thcmfelves to obey the advice of

46

JVilliam Penn^s defcription

[July,

the heavenly vifion. The gouty man broke his vial of elixir, threw his powders into the fire, and walked four or five miles every day before break- fad. Theman, afflifted with the gra- vel, threw afide his drops, and began to work in his garden, or to play two or three hours every day at bowls. The hypochondriac and hyileric pa- tients difcharged their boxes of afa- foetida, and took a journey on horfe- back, to diftart and oppofitc ends of the ifland. The melancholic threw afide his gloomy fyliems of philofo- phy, and fent for a dancincr mafler. The Hudious man flint up his folios, and fought amnfement from thefports of children. The leper threw away bis mercurial pills, and fwam every day in a neighbouring river. The confumptive man threw his balfam out of his window, and took a voyage to a diflant country. After forae months, they all returned to the place they were v/ont to alFemble in. Joy appeared in each of their countenan- ces. One had renewed his youth — another had recovered the ufe of his limbs — a third, who had been half bent for many years, now walked upright — a fourth began to firg fome jovial fong, without being alked — a fifth could talk for hours together, without being interrupted with a cough — in a word, they all now enjoyed a complete recovery of their health. They joined in oiFenng facrifices to Hyglea. Temples were erefted to her memory ; and (he continues, to this day, to be worfhipped by all the inhabitants of that ifland.

Letter cf William Penv, to //is Jritnds in Londcv, giving a de- Jcription of Penvjylvania.

Philadelphia, the iSth of the Gtk month, called Augiijl, 1683.

My hindfriends,

THE kindnefs of yours by the fliip Thomas and Anne, doth much oblige me ; for by it I perceive the intereft you take in my healih and reputation, and the profperous be- j^innitig of this province, which you are fo kind as to think may much depend upon ihem. In return of which, I have fent you & long let- ter, and yet containing as brief an

account of myfelf, and the affairs of this province, as 1 have been able to make.

In the firfl; place, I take notice of the news you fent me, whereby I hiid, fome pcrfons have had fo lit- tle wit, and fo much malice, as to report my death ; and to mend the matter, dead a Jeiuit too, Oae might have reafonably hoped, that this dif- tancc, like death, would have been a protection againft fp'ite and envy ; and indeed, abfence being a kind of death, ought alike to fecure the name of the abfciit, as the dead ; becaufe they arc equally unable, as fuch, to defend thsmfclves: but they that in- tend mifchief, do not ufe to follow good rules 10 effeft it. However, to the great forrow and fliame of the inventors, T am ftiil alive, and no Jefuit, and, I thank God, very well. And without injiiftice to the authors of this, I may venture to infer, that they that wilfully and faflely report, would have been glad it had been fo. But 1 perceive, ma- ny frivolous and idle (lories have been invented, fince my departure from England, which, perhaps, at this time, are no more a!;ve, than I am dead.

But if 1 have been unkindly ufed by fome I left behind me, I found love and refuett enough where 1 came — an uuiverfal kind welcome, every fort in their way. For here are fome of feveral nations, as well as divers judgments : nor were the natives wanting in this ; for their kings, queens, and great men, both vifited and prefentcd me ; to whom I made faifable returns, &c.

For the province, the general con- dition of it take as followeth,

I. The country itfelf, in its foil, air, water, feafons, and produce, both natural amd artificial, is not to be defpifed. The land containeth di- vers forts of earth, as fand. yellow and black, poor and rich ; alfo gravel both loamy and diifly ; and in fome places, a fafl, fat earth, like to our bell vales in England, efpecially by inland brooks and rivers ; God m his wifdom having ordered it fo, that the advantages of the cojintry are divided, the back lands, being generally, three to one, richer than thofe that lie by navigable waters, \\^c have niuth of another foil, and that is a blatk

1789.]

hafel-moulJj upon a ftony or rocky bottom.

II. The air is fweet and clear, the heavens ferene, like thefouth parts of France, rarely overcad ; and as the woods come, by numbers of people, to be more cleared, that ' itielf will refine.

III. The waters are generally good ; for the rivers and brooks have mollly gravel and llony bottoms, and in number hardly credible^. We have alfo mineral waters, that operate in the fame manner with Bainet and Xorth-liall, not two nules from Philadelphia.

IV. For the feafons of the year, having, by God's goodnefs, now lived over the coldeil L:nd hottcil, that the oldell liver in the pro? ince can remember, I can fay fomeiliing to an Enghfh underftanding.

Firlt, of the fall, for then I came in : — I found it, from the ii4th of October, to the beginning of Decem- ber, as we have it ufually m England in September, or rather like an Fng- lifli mdd fpring. From December, to the beginning of the month called March, we had (harp, frofty w'eather, not foul, thick, black weather, as our north-eaft winds bring with them in England ; but a fky as clear as in fummer, and the air dry, cold, rier- cing, and hungry ; yet I remember not that I wore more cloaths, than in England. The reafon of this cold is given, from the great lakes, that are fed by the fountains of Canada. The winter before was as mild, fcarce any ice at all ; while this, for a few days, froze up our great river Delaware. Fiom that month, to the month cal- led June, we enjoyed a fwcet fpnng, no gufts, but gentle fliowers, and a fine fky. Yet this I obferve. that the winds here, as there, are more incon- llanr, fpring and fall, upon that turn of nature, than in fummer or winter. From thence to this prefent month, \vhich endeih the fummer (commonly fpeaking) we have had extraordinary hears, yet mitigated fometinies by cool breezes. The wind, that raleth the (uinmer feafon, is the fouth-wed ; but fpring, fall, and winter, it is rare to want the wholefoms north-wellern, fevpn days together ; and whatever mills, fog^, or vapours, foul the hea- vens by eailerlyor foutherly winds, in

of Pennfylvania, t^-j

two hours time are blown away : the one is fallowed by the other — a re- medy, that feems to have a peculiar providence in it to the inhabitants ; the multitude of trees, yet Handing, being liable to retain mills and va- pours, and yet not one quarter fo thick as I expefted.

V. The natural produce of the country — of vegetables, is trees, fruits, plants, flowers. The trees of moll note, are the black walnut, cedar, cyprefs, chelnut, poplar, gumwood, hickery, fall'afras, alli, beech, and oak of divers forts, as red, white and black, Spanifh chefnut and fwamp. the moll durable of all : of all which, there is plenty for the uie of man.

The fruits that I find in the woods, are the white and black mulberry, chelnut, walnut, plumbs, flrawber- ries, cranberries, hurtleberries, and grapes of divers forts. The great red grape, now ripe, called by igno- rance, •' the fox-grape," (becaule of the reiifli it hath with unikilful palates,) is in itfelf an extraordinary grape, and by art, doubtiefs, may be culti- vated to an excellent wine, if not fo fweet. yet little inferior to the fronti- n;ac ; as it is not much unlike in lafle, ruddinefs fet alide ; which m fuch things, as well as mankind, dif- fers the cafe much. There is a white kind of mufkadel, and a little black grape, like the clufler-grape of Eng- land, not yet fo ripe as the other ; but they tell me, when ripe, fweeter, and that they only want fkilful vinerons to make good ufe of them. 1 intend to venture on it with my Frenchman this feafon, who fliews fome know- ledge in thofe things. Here are alfo peaches, very good, and in great quantities ; not an Indian plantation without them : but whether naturally here at lirft , I know not ; however, one may have them by bufhels, for little. They make a pleafant drink, and, I think, not inferior to any peach yon have in England, except the true Newington. It isdiiputable with me, wheiher it be beil to fall to fining the fruits of the country, efpe- cially the grape, by the care and fkill of art. or fend for foreign Hems and fets, already good and approved. It feems moil rcafonable to believe, that not only a thing groweth heft, where it naturally grows, but 'v:l! hardly be.

48

h lamare medical focicty.

[J"iy,

equalled by another fpecies of the iame kind, that doth not naturally «;ro\v there, Jiui to lolve the doubt, i intend, if God give me hfe, to try both, and hope the confecjueiice Will be as gi.iud wine, as any Jiuropean countries, of the lame latitude, do yield.

VI. The artificial produce of the country, is wheat*, barley, oats, rye, peafe, beans, fq lajhes, pLiuikuis, wa- ter-meioiis, muik melons, and all herbs and roots, that our gardens in i£ngland ufuaily bring foith.

VII. Of living creatures, fidi, fowl, and the bealts, of the wouds, here are divers forts, iome for tood and profit, and fome for proht only : for food, as well as proht, the elk, as big as a fmall ox ; deer, bigger ihan ours ; beaver, racoon, rabbits, Iquir- rels : and fome eat young bear, and commend it. Of fowl of the' land, there is the turkey (forty and hfiy pounds ■weight) which is very gieat ; phea- faiits, heath-birds, pigeons, and par- tridges in abundance. 'Of the water, the fvvan. goole, white and grey ; brands, ducks, teal; alfb'the fnipe and curlew, and that in great num- bers ; but the duck and teal excel ; Dor lo good have I ever eat in other countries. Of hfli, there is the ilur- geon, herring, r<Kk, ihad, cailhead, Ui^eplhead, eel, fmeit, perch, roach ; and in inland rivers, trout, fome fay iaimon above the falls. Of Ihell fiih, we have oyllers, crabs, cockles, cenchs, and muicles ; fome oyllers hx inches long ; and one fort of coc- kles, as big as the hewing oyllers ; ihey make a rich broth. The creatures lor profit only, by (kin or fur, and that are natural to thefe parts, are the wild cat, panther, otter, woU, fox, filher, m;nx, mufk rat : and of the •jvater, the whale for ol, of which %e have good llore ; and two com- panies of whalers, whofe boats are

NOTE.

* Edward Jones, fon-in-l.iw to Thomas Wynn, living on the Schuyl- k'l, had, with ordinary cultivation, from one grain of Englilh barley, fe- venty (lalks and cars of barley ; and it is common in this country, from one b'.lhel fown, to reap forty, ofien fifty, and fometimes fixty — and three pecks of wheat fov/ an acre here.

built, will foon begin their work, which hath the aiipearance of a con- hderable improvement ; to fay no- thing of our reafonable hopes of good cod in the bay,

VIII. Wehave no wantof horfes, and fome are very good, and fliapely enough ; two (hips have been freight- ed to Barbadoes with horfes and pipc- Haves, hnce my coming in. Here is alio plenty of cow-cattle, and fome fliecp ; the people plough moftly with oxen.

IX. There are divers plants, that not only the Indians tell us, but wc have had occafion fo prove, by fwell- ings, burnings, cuts, &c. that they are of great virtue, fuddenly curing the patient : and for finell, I have obferved leveral, efpecially one, the wild myrtle ; the others, Ikoow nat what to call, but are mofi fragrant,

X. The woods are adorned with lovely flowers, for colour, greatnefs, figure, and variety. I have feen the gardens of London, befl flored with that fort of beaiiiy ; but think they may be improved by our woods. I have fent a few to a perfon of quality this year, for a trial.

Thus much of the country ; next of the natives, or Aborigines. (To be continued.)

Mtdtcal focicty cfabliJJied in thtjatr of Delaware.

1"^HE phyficians of the Delaware Hate had long regretted their un- ' connected fituation. Defpainrg ta obiain fome of the moli important ob- jecls of their profehion, while thus detached from one another — and con- vinced, that experience has uniform- ly attelted the advaniagesof literary affociation, they lately prclented a memorial to the honorable legiflaiure, on that fubject. After duly corfid- eriug the application, the general af- femblv, fv>r ihe liberal purp)fe of fof- tenng the interett of fcicnce, granied a charter of incorporation to a num- ber oF the faid phylicians, and their ficcelfors. for ever, under the name and flile of " the prehdent and fel- lon's of the medical focicty of the D'Hnware flate."

TheobjeCf of this fo:iety is, to ani- mate and unue us refpetbve mem- bers, in the arduous work of cuitiva:-

J789»l

Delatuare medical fociety.

49

ing the fcience of medicine, and all its Auxiliary branches : wuh an efpecial view to us practical ule, the alleviat- ing of human niifery, the diminution of mortality, and the cure of difeafes. To accompli(h this intereiling pur- pofe, they will dirett their endea- vours— to inveltigate the endemical difeafes of our own c( . ury — to trace their effetls on its aboriginal inhabi- tants, and the fuccellive variations ihey have undergone, in the progrefs of fbciety from rudenefs to refinement — to remark the <;siieral operations of political, moral, and natural caufes, on the human body, and its d feafes — and, particularly, cbferve and record the eftefts of diHerent feafons, cli- mates, and fiiuations, and the changes produced in dilcafes, by the progrefs of fcience, commerce, agriculture, arts, population and manners — to ex- plore our animal, vegetable and min- eral kingdoms, and every accelfible department of nature, in fearch of the means of enriching and fimplifying our Materia Medica — to extend the fubftitution of our indigenous, for ex- otic remedies — to refcue fnm oblivi- on, and collect, fjr public view, the fugitive obfervations of intelligent phyhcians — to confer honorary re- wards on the efforts of genius and in- duftry — to fupeniitend the education cf medical itudents, and connefl, with the elements of medicine, an adequate knowledge of all the kindred and fubfervient Iciences — to enlarge our fources of knowledge, by iinporting and diffeminating the difcoveries and publications of foreign countries — to correfpond with learned focieties and individiialf — to appoint flaied times for literary intercourfe and communi- cations— to cuhivate harmony and li- berality among thepraftitioners of me- dicine— and, finally, to promote regu- larity and uniformity, in the prattice ofphyfic.

A quorum of the fellows of the fo- ciety, in purfuance of the charter of incorporation, afi^embled ar Dover, on Tuefday, the laih of May lyJig, adopted the following conihtution :

1. The officers of the fociety (hall conlili of a prefident, a vice prefident, four cenfors. a fecretary, and a treafur- cr, who fliali be annual lychofen by bal- lot, on the fecond 1 ueidav of May.

2. The prefident, or, in hisabfence, the vice- prefident, fiiull prefide in all

Vol.. Vi.

the meetings, and fubfcribc all the public atis of the fo»-i-tY. The pi e(;dent, or in cafe of his death, or incajiiciiy, the vice prefident, with the concur- rence of two cenfors and four f .llows, fhall alfo have the power of CdUing a fpecial meeting of the fociriy, when- ever they may judge it iieccfTary.

3. The bulinels of thecenfijrsfliall be, to infpett the records, and exam- ine the accounts and expenditures of the fociety, and to report ihi-reon* And all communicai ions, made to the fociety, after being read at one of their Hated meeting's, {ball be referred to the cenfors, and inch other fellows of the fociety, as fiiall be appointed for that purpofe, to examine and re- port thereon to the focietv.

4. The fecretary fliall keep fair re- cords ofi he proceedings of ihc fi ctety ; and, under their dircttion, ihall cor- refpond with fiirh pcrfons and focie- ties, as may be judged neccirary, to promote the views and objeHs of the inliiiution. He fluU llkewife receive and preftrve all books and papers, be- longing to the fociety, and letters ad- dreffed to them.

5. The trcafirer fiiall receive all donations, and alfo the contribiuions, arjHng from fuch laws and regulations, as the fociety niav. from time to time, make. He fiiall' likew.fe 1 eep all the monies and fecurities, belonging to the fociety : and fiiall pay all orders, figned by the prefident. or vice-prefi- dent, which orders fiiaU be his vouchers for his expenduiues.

6. All qucfiions fliall be decided by a majority of votes. In thofe cafes, ■where the focie-y is equally divided, ihe predding officer fiiall have a call- ing vote.

7. Every fellow fliall fubfcribe the coiifiitution, and annually pay a dol- lar, to defray the contingent expenfc* of the fociety.

1 he following gentlemen were 11- nanimoufly elected officers of the fociety.

James Tilton, M. D. frrfidtnt, Jonas Prefton, M. li. vict-prcfidait. Nicholas VVav, M. D. "1 Maihew Wilfon, D. D. '., .,r.. Dr. Jofliua C lay ton, -^

])r. Nathaniel Luff". J Edward Miller, M. B. fecretary. Dr. j.imes Sykes, treajurer,

Fubliflied by orrlerof the fociety, Edward Miller^ f^'crei^rv.

Medical li'fiory of the Cortex Ruber or red bark.

50

Medical kijlory of the Cortex Ruber ^ or Red Bark ; communicated to John Morgan, M. D. profeffor of the theory and praEiice of pliyfic at Philadelphia^ and F. R. S. Lon- don, &c.

I HAVE lately received the fol- lowing commiinications upon the cortex ruber, which I h^ve found fo efficacious, in the cure of obftinate Tcm:tfent and bilious fevers, that I think It my duty to lay them before this fociety, in hopes of fo valuable' a medicine being thereby Lietter known, and introduced more generally into practice.

ExtraSl of a letter from Thomas S. Diiche, deled London, Augujt o, 1783.

" I was lately at a leQiire, delivered at Guy 's hofpital, by dr. Saunders, upon the cure of intermittent fevers ; andobferving, the dotior fpoke very much in favour of a new fpecies of bark, which he had introduced into the pra^Uce of phyfic, I procured a fpccimen of it for you, thinking it iright be a.qrceahle to you, to hear of any new improvements in the healing an. It is called red bark. Accord- ing to his account, it }M)iTeires fo much virtue, and is of fiich certain elHcacy, that, compared with it, the common bark is an inert tnafs. tt contains a nouch larger portion of re- fin, has a much ftronger aromatx talle than the common bark, and ,d"es not require half ihe quantity for a dofe. Ainongfi: other particulars, hemeiirioned the following proof of its fuperior virtue, namely, that, of this medicine, when adminiitcred in a -fmiple cold infufion, any given quan- tify is much flrongerand moreellettual to remove the fever, than a chemical extratt from the fame quantity of the .other. I now fend you a fpecimen, by which you will be able to make a trial, and form fome judgment of its virtues." ,

T. S. DUCHK.

Soon after the receipt of (he fore- going letter, I received the following valuable comiTTMnications from dr. George Davtdfon of St. I.iicia, ■which it affords me great pieafare to la) before this fociety.

Un\%

St. Lucia, Augufl 23, 1783, To dr. John Morgan, at Philadtlphi*. Sir,

If the fubjeft, upon which I have the honour to write to you, fliould be found to merit attention, and prove in any refpecl uleful and advantage- ous to mankind, J fhall eahly ftand excufed m addrelliiig you, perfonally unacquainted as I am.

I have, by this opportunity, fent a fmall fpccimen of the Cinchona of this ifund, rclemSlmg the Peruvi- an bark iti us l)otanical charaHer, and, froiTV thetrial made here, furpalF- Ing it in racdical virtues. It is now nearly four years, fince the Cari- bbean bark was difcovered upon the heights adjoining Morne Fortune, and introduced into praft ce by dr. Young, phyfician to his Briiannic majelty's troops. The frelhnefs of the bark, the little atieution bellow- ed in drying it, and the large dofes^ in which it was exhibited, produced nlarming fits of vomiting and purg- ing, and deterred us, at that time, from the further profecution of tha fubjeft, until the other day, that a treatife upon the red bark, by dr. Saunders of London, and a belief, which we entertained, that this was the fame bark which he defcribes, induced us again to make a trial of it. Having properly dried it, and given it in the cold infufion, with greater caution, and in lefs dofes, than at the hril eday, we are now happy in affaring the public, that, in molt inftancc',- it has not difappoini- ed us. Still, however, notwithlland- ing the utmoll care in drying if, in fo me cafes it ftill fecms ro retain its emetic and purgative qualities ; as the {lomach and firll p.ilfages, in com- plaints here, arc loaded with a quan- tity of putrid bile. Thcfe are not its lead valuahTe properties. It will, however, be neceifary, when thefi; effeHs are produced, to check them afierwards by opiates.

With regard fo it? preparalions ; I have generally given it in the cold infufion, made either with lime or cinnamon water. An exiraft, made with fpirits and water, fas caiily on the flomach, and can be given in laiger quantities.

In ibmc late cafes of tertians.

,7?9-3

Hints on the meaflcs.

5*

where I Inve been called to the pa- tient, diirmi^the fecond Hi — without watching for its going oif, 1 have be- gun with this baik, which etieflualiy cleanled the llomach and bowels, and yaved the way for i:s fature adinmii- tration.

In pijtrid d>fentcr;cs, and in a re- tnarkablc fpecies cf dyfentery, con- joined with an intermittent fever, which 1 iiave met with here, the bark has done more, than all the remedies, that I have lecn emuloyed. The purgative effects, which it produced, enabled us to throw it in earlier ; th^ hardened fcybula, the fiipport of the difeafe, were removed, the (lomach and bowels braced up, and, by the in- ttrpofition of opiates, the fpafais were removed.

f laving fent fcveral fpecimens of the bark, for a trial, to different parts uf the continent of America, and pariiculaily to my worthy triend, dr. Hall, of Peterfburgh, Virginia, I impatiently wait the refult of yqur tri- als, and will eileem myfeU particu- larly obliged by your communication. If you choofe, 1 Ihall fend you fome pf the young trees planted in tubs, with foD^e of I he feeds.

Should It be found to anfwer niy expectation, the pleafure, refulting from the thoughts of having commu- nicated fomething ufeful, will be to r.ie ample enough recompeufe. \ have the honour to be.

With the utmolt refpef^,

Your moft obcdieiH humble fcrvt. George DAviDsoi;.

P. S. Dr. Wright of Jamaica (in fifth vol. of medical commentaries.) deicribes a fpecies of cinchona, with only one flower on a footflalk ; the fame was likwife found at the Havan- na. It differs, in that particular, from the old bark, which refembles the St. Lucia bark, in having feveral flowers on each footflalk. Tke following is a de/criplion of ike

cinchona caribaea fanBae luciae.

The tree is commonly fojnd in ra- vines, near fprings, under the (hade of a larger tree. J t delights in places well fhaded, and defended from the north-eafl trade-wind : the foil is com- monly a itiff red earth, vyiih a clayey fub-ftratum ; quantities of fmall beau- tiful chryRals, cf a regular angular form, arc found intermixed.

The tree isa'.K.ait the fiie of the cher- ry tree ; feldoni exceeding the thicknefs of the thigh, and twenty-five feet in height.

'Ihe flowers beg;n to appear, at the commencerrent i.f the lamy fea- fon. 111 beautiful tufis, upon pannicles branched oiit in threes and fours, I have never feen that fpecies, de- fcribed by Jacquiii, and found at the Havanna. pedunculis unijloris.

Before the corolla ;s fully expand- ed, and the flam na make their ap- pearance wuhout the tube of the co- rolla, the flower is white ; but it af- terwards turns to a beautiful mirpie. Ihea di"opping off, the gernien en- larges to the fiiie cf a hazle-nut, ob- long and round. It gradually dries, burlfs in two, and iVatters ihe feeds, which fall to the 'ground and again take root.

The wood of the tree is light, fpoiigy, and fit for no ufeful purpofe. It has not the hitter tafleof the bark. The leaves are very bitter, and the flowers, feeds, &c. feem to poffefs the bitternefs and aifruigency m a more eminent degree.

An ounce of the bark, in fine pow- der, infufed in a quart of cold water for twenty four hours, and the infii- lion afterwards Eliertd, appears hgh- cr coloured, than a decoction made with double the quantity^ of the old bark. The colour, wlvch it ffrikes with the tin£l. f.or. viartial. and J'aL viartis, is likewife of a deeper black. 1 he fpirituous tincture is of a deep red colour, and ftnkcs a deep black, by the addition of the preparations of iron.

The taflc of the Cinchona Cari- basa is raanifcfliy more affringent, than the tafte of the old bark ; an inference may therefore, d priori, be made, that its tonic powers are greater.

The quantity of refin, which it yields, is much more confiderabie ; and an extrart, made both with fpirits and water, feems to poirefs the whole virtues of the bark.

Hints on the meajles.

TH E meafles are an eruptive fe- ver, attended with a geneial in- flammation. In fome conflitutions, the meafles give fymptoras uf iheir

Hints on the meajles.

[July,

approach, many days before they dif- euver themlelves, by a frequent and dry tojgh, fuch as commonly attends a flight cold, without any other com- plaint ; though, for the mofl part, by ihiveijiig^:, attended with alternate heat, which is accompanied with fiieezing, fwellingof the eyelids, and a coiiltant (leepinefs ; a thin humour often diRils from the eyes and nofe ; thefe lall fymptonis are thecharatterif- tics, which diftinguifli this difeafe from moll other eruptive fevers. 1 he tongue is white and foul, but not ve- ry dry ; the heat and fever increafe every hour, with a fevere cough, ve- hement ficknefs, thirll, lofs of appe- tue, lometimes atiended with a vo- H^n:no;, and often with a fneezing, withgreenilhflools; but this laft fymp- tom iiappens moflly to infants, and that, dunng the time of deiuuion. J. he lymptums gentrallv grow more violent, until the, fourth day, when there appear, upon the face, fmall e- riiptions, like llca-bites, which fooii flow together in large fpots : on the bread, they are broad and red, fc-1- doM) rifing above the fiirface of the fkin ; but may be eafily felt, by prelfing gently with the finger : they- pradiiallv i xiend from the face to the breall, and downwards to the thighs ana Itgs ; bu! are not fo dilHnct pim- ples in the trunk and exirernities, as in the fare, but are equally as red. Thi fympfoms do not abate, in this dileafe, when the eruption appears, as they doin the fmall-pox. The vomiting fejdom continues after, but the cough and f ver are generally more violent ; thediffirultyoFbreaihing, theweaknefs and dcjhixion from the eyes, conflanl drowfinef, and lofs of appetite, conti- rueafterthe eruption. The eruptions generally difappear, about the fourth or fixth day from their firft appear- ance ; they begin to turn dry and fralv, upon the face firfl, and go gra- dually oft, as they came on, about the eighth or ninth day ; the whole b«)dy has fometimes the fame kind of appearance, as if fprinkled over wiih bran, Thofe who die in the meaflL-s, generally perifh on ihe nimh day, by a ftifforation. The dan.ceions fymp- tdms of this difeafe, arc a great and iiidden lofs of ftj^ength, coldnefs of the extremities, rclllcflnefs. continual cough, a loofenefs, greu-t difficulty in

breathing or fwallowing, palenefs of the erupiions, and fometimes purple fpots, delirium, convulfions, and lometimes profufe fweats, efpecially in perlons advanced in years. As the meafles difappear and terminate, fooner than the Imall-pox, the vulgar generally think they are fl ruck in before that time, though they have really run through their natural courfe ; for which reafon they often have recourfe to warm cordials, which are highly improper, and ofien bring on direful fymptoms. Such as die in the mealies, generally die about,the ninth day ; and are certainly removed by a violent pe- ripnsumony, or inflammation of the lungs.

The patient ought to be treated much the fame as in the fmall-pox, only not expofed to the cold air ; but need not be confined to bed. De- cocVons of barley-water, with li- quorice and marfhmallows, may be drank for ordinary drink ; arid infu- lions, made of linfeed and elder flow- ers, Iweetcned with honey, or fiigar- candy, may be nfed for a change ; if the patient is collive, a little manna may be g'ven, or tamarinds infnfed ill' boiling water. With rcfpeft to me- dicnes, nature ought to be particu- larly attended to, as indeed it ought to be in every other difeafe. If the fever be very high, with an inflamma- tion or rednefs in the eyes, with a la- borious difficult breathing, with a great thirll, and fulnefs of the pulfe, bleed- ing largely for adults, and the fame, or by leeches, for infants, is abfolute- ly ncceffary, with the warm bath, as deep a? can be done conveniently. It is often attended with remarkably good efferts, in all infLimmatory fever-, ef>- pecially of the eruptive kind, to con- tinue in the bath for fome minutes, at lead to bathe the feet and legs in warm water every night. If there be an inclination to vomit, it ought to be en- couraged by drinking chamomile tea, or by g'vmga gentle vomit of a few grains of ipecacuanha, or atcalpooiiFul or two ofanlimonial w'.neto infants, ora larger dole in proportion to the age. 1 he pi- (ient may hold his head over the Heam of hot water, and receive it into his lungs, from the mouth of a tea pot, or an inhaler; every infp'ration like this IS an excellent remedy m any cough, provided it be not attended with a fpit-

1789-]

Account of the fffcBs of elcElricity iti pam/yttc cafe;..

ting of blood. The patient may likewife frequently take a little fper- maceti and fugar-candy, pounded together, and diifolve it gradually in the mouth; or a table-lpoontul of the foUowing linttus for an adult, and a tea-fpoonful for an infant, every time the cough is troublefome : take of good trefh fweet oil and fyrup of marOimallows, of each equal parts, mixed together with a I'ltle of the juice of a boiled lemon, to acidulate It a little, provided it is more agree- able. All thefe things mav be done at any time of the difeafe, if the fymp- toms appear inflammatory, if the mealies fuddenly difappear, with a weak, flow pulfc, palenefs of the face, and univerfal lanj;uor, the pa- tient ought to te fupporied by cor- dials, fuch as wine, or Hrong wine- whey ; blirters rnuft be applied lO the back, brealt, or exiretnities, and warm cataplafms, with mullard and vinegar, to thefoles of the feet.; the fame treat- ment IS recommended in fuch circum- flances, as in the iuiail-pox. When they attack weak, relaxed habits, or hyfteric, low-fpinted women, Hux- ham's tinfture of the bark is in this cafe of the mod eminent fcrvice, as it anfwers both as a cordial and anti- feptic, efpecially where purple Ipot?, or other putrid fymptoms appear ; and it is proper to drink wine at;d water, acidulated with the fweet fpirit of vi- triol, or, where that cannot be got, the juice of lemons or oranges; but, indeed, fome preparation of the bark, either in fubfiance or decottion, is abfolutely necelfary. In cafe of great redleirnels, an aduk may take from twenty to hfty drops of liquid lauda- num, every night, at bed tune. From two to twelve drops of the fame may be given to a child, from the bnih to twelve or fourteen years old ; begin with a fmall dofe, and increafe occa- fionally, ; but if the fyrup of poppies is preferred, a tea-fpoonful or i wo may be occahonally admin. flered. The bow- els ought to be kept open with clyflers of gruel or milk, fugar, and a little oil. 1 have ouen given James's powders to adults, as prefcnbed in the printed directions, and, to infants the following ; take of James's pow- der, fix grams ; fal prunellj?. one fcruple ; white fugar, one draclim; rub them well together ; and give the

58

patient two, three, or four grains of tbis every five or fix hours: the dofe may be increafed or diminiOied, ac- cording to its effects ; if the fever runs high, thefe may be given aftet^ bleed- ing, in any Hate of the difeafe. Two or three dofes of phyfic are necelfary, when the difeafe is going off, as in the fmall-pox. If a violent purging comes on after the meaOes, 3 fmall dole of rhubarb may be given every fecond day in the morning, and the laudanum, as above, at bed-time; if the fever continues, with the purg- ing, bleeding will often relieve, when nothing elfe avails. If, ificr the mealies are gone oft, the fever conti- nues without the purging, bleeding is neceflary, and the powders above- mentioned, with the linrhis for the coligh. Patients r c^virn; from the meafles ought to be cautious of cxpof- ing themfelves too foon to tlie co'J air, and eat what is light, and eafy of digellion ; butterrailk, or milk-whey, and barley-water, is a proper drink. If a cough and difficulty of breathing, with a hefciic fever, ard other cnn- fumptive fymptoms, come on, fmall bleedings, frequently repealed (efpe- cially if the blood isfizv) — a vegetable diet, and rndk, as above recommend- ed, with change of air, and riding on horfeback, abftaining from all animal food, perpetual bliitcrs,or ilTues, will likewife be necclTary, 1 am, &c.

Wm. Turn BUI.!-. Wcll-clofe Square, May, 13, 1786.

Account of the fffeBs of eltBricity in paralytic cafes. In a letter to dr. Pringle.from dr. Franklin.

SOME years fince, when the newf- papers made mention of great cures fjcrformed in Italy or Ger- many, by means of e4eftncity, a num- ber of paralytics were brought tome from Peiinfylvania, and the neigh- bourmg provinces to be eleftnfitd; whicli 1 did for them at their requeft. iVIy method was, firft to place the pa- tient in A chair, on an electric flool, and dia.v a n amber of large iliong fparks, from all pans of ihsaHjfled limb or fide. Then I fully charged (wo lixg.siion glais jars, each of which had atioutihree iquare feet of fur face coated ^ aud L feni ilis united fiiock of

Si

The refcrmer.

[Juir,

thefe tlirough the affcflcd limb or limbs, repeating the flroke commonly three times each day. The firfl thing ohferv- ed was an immediate greater feufibie warmth mthe lame limbs, that had re- ceived the firoke,than in the oihers : and the next mornmg, the patients ulually related, that they had, in the night, felt a pricking fenfation in the flc Ih of the paralytic limbs ; and would fome- times (hew a number of fmall red fpots, vhich, they fuppofed, were occafion- ed by thela prickings. The limbs, too, were found more capable of vo- i'jntary motion, and feemcd to receive liiengih. A man, for inllance, who co-aid not, the firii day, lift the lame band from ctt his knee, would the rcxtd ly, raife it four or five inches, the third day higher, and, on the fifih dav wr.s able, but with a feeble languid motion, to t»kc o!f his hat.

"i he fe appearances gave great fpi- rits t:^ the patients, and made them hope a pirfett cure ; but I do not re- in, mb r, that I ever faw any amend- ment after the fifth day: which the nil ents perceiving, and finding the fh cks pretty fcvere, they became dif- couraged, went home, and in a fliort time relapfed ; fothat, in palfies, I ne- ver knew any advaniaife from eleclri- C'ty, that was permanent. And how far the apparent temjiorary advantage might arife from the exerofe of the patient's journey, and coming daily to my houfe, or from the {pints, given by the hope of fuccefs, enabling them to exert more ftrength in moving their limbs, I will not pretend to fay.

Perhaps fome permanent advantage might have been obtained, if the elec- tric fhocks had been accompanied V/ith proper medicine and regimen, under the directions of a fkilful phy- fician. It may be, too, that a few great Ilrokes, as given in my method, inay not be fo proper, as mmy fmall ones: fince, by the account, from Scotland, of a cafe, in which two hundred hhocks from a phial were given tidily, it feems, that a perfeft cure has been made. As to any uncommon Jlrength, fuppofed to be in the machine iifed in that cafe, I imagine it could hdve no fhare in t'.ie efteft produced ; fince the ilrength of the (hock, from charged )i\aU is in proportion to the r; lantity of furface of theglafs coated ; Jo that my fiiocks, from :hof(; large

jars, mufl have been much greater, than any that could be received from a phial held in the hand.

i am, with great rcfpccl. Cr, Your molt obedient fervant, B. Frank L IX, London, D'.ccmbcr 2t, 1757.

The reformer.

Number i .

Virtue the happinejs of a pecjyle,

MEN oflen couiplain of thofe e- vils, which are wholly of their own procuring, and which it is in their own power to remove, when- ever they pleale. There is nothing more evident from reafon, revelation, and common experience, than the ten- dency of virtue to the happinef';, and the tendency of vice to the mifery of mankind, both in private and fecial life ; but while this isgeneraily acknow- ledged in fpeculation, it is much d f- regarded in prattice. All expedients to relieve the burdens and dillrelfes of the day, without a general reform of manners, will be but palliatives— this will elFett a radical cure.

Let rulers, influenced by the fear cf God, and by love to mankind, ufe. all their power and authority, to en-, courage nghteoulnefs, proteft inno- cence, redrcis wrongs, and b^nifh in- iquity — let laws be made, with a fin- gle defign to advance the general in- tereft, and be executed with diligence and fidelity — let people, in all ranks, confcientioully difeharge the duties o£" their refpeiitive flations — let julHce and integrity take place in all private intercourfe — let benevolence operate, in all exigencies, to excite mutual aid and fuccour, fo that no man ihall be miferable, while it is in his neigh- bour's power to relieve him — in all controverfies, between man and man, or in fociety, let condefccnfion imme- diately Hep in, to adjiift the differ- ence— let every man, in his private ca- pacity, maintain fobriety, purity, tem- perance, induUryand felf-govcrnment, and attend more to the culture of his, mind,